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Algebra Difficulty 6.5 National olympiad Prove it

Example 2. In any ABC\triangle ABC, the following inequalities hold:
(1) sinA2sinB2sinC218\sin \frac{A}{2} \sin \frac{B}{2} \sin \frac{C}{2} \leqslant \frac{1}{8}
(2) cosA2cosB2cosC2338\cos \frac{A}{2} \cos \frac{B}{2} \cos \frac{C}{2} \leqslant \frac{3 \sqrt{3}}{8}
(3) sinA2+sinB2+sinC232\sin \frac{A}{2}+\sin \frac{B}{2}+\sin \frac{C}{2} \leqslant \frac{3}{2}
(4) cosA2+cosB2+cosC2332\cos \frac{A}{2}+\cos \frac{B}{2}+\cos \frac{C}{2} \leqslant \frac{3 \sqrt{3}}{2}
(5) sinAsinBsinC338\sin A \sin B \sin C \leqslant \frac{3 \sqrt{3}}{8}
(6) cosAcosBcosC18\cos A \cos B \cos C \leqslant \frac{1}{8}
(7) sinA+sinB+sinC332\sin A+\sin B+\sin C \leqslant \frac{3 \sqrt{3}}{2}
(8) cosA+cosB+cosC32\cos A+\cos B+\cos C \leqslant \frac{3}{2}
(9) sin2A2+sin2B2+sin2C234\sin ^{2} \frac{A}{2}+\sin ^{2} \frac{B}{2}+\sin ^{2} \frac{C}{2} \geqslant \frac{3}{4}
(10) tg2A2+tg2B2+tg2C21\operatorname{tg}^{2} \frac{A}{2}+\operatorname{tg}^{2} \frac{B}{2}+\operatorname{tg}^{2} \frac{C}{2} \geqslant 1
(11) tgA2+tgB2+tgC23\operatorname{tg} \frac{A}{2}+\operatorname{tg} \frac{B}{2}+\operatorname{tg} \frac{C}{2} \geqslant \sqrt{3}
(12) tgA2tgB2tgC239\operatorname{tg} \frac{A}{2} \operatorname{tg} \frac{B}{2} \operatorname{tg} \frac{C}{2} \leqslant \frac{\sqrt{3}}{9}
(13) ctgA2+ctgB2+ctgC233\operatorname{ctg} \frac{A}{2}+\operatorname{ctg} \frac{B}{2}+\operatorname{ctg} \frac{C}{2} \geqslant 3 \sqrt{3}
(14) ctgA+ctgB+ctgC3\operatorname{ctg} A+\operatorname{ctg} B+\operatorname{ctg} C \geqslant \sqrt{3}

In an acute ABC\triangle ABC, the following inequalities hold:
(15) tgAtgBtgC33\operatorname{tg} A \operatorname{tg} B \operatorname{tg} C \geqslant 3 \sqrt{3}
(16) agActgBctgC39\operatorname{ag} A \operatorname{ctg} B \operatorname{ctg} C \leqslant \frac{\sqrt{3}}{9}
(17) tg2A+tg2B+tg2C9\operatorname{tg}^{2} A+\operatorname{tg}^{2} B+\operatorname{tg}^{2} C \geqslant 9
(18) ctg2A+ag2B+ag2C1\operatorname{ctg}^{2} A+\operatorname{ag}^{2} B+\operatorname{ag}^{2} C \geqslant 1

The necessary and sufficient condition for equality in all 18 inequalities is A=B=C=60A=B=C=60^{\circ}.

Solution

Proof: The proofs of these inequalities are largely similar, and here we only prove (10). We have
tg2A2+tg2B2=4(sinA+B2)22sinAsinB(cosAB2+cosA+B2)2=2(cosAB2)2+4cos2C2+2sin2C2(cosAB2+sinC2)2\begin{array}{l} \operatorname{tg}^{2} \frac{A}{2}+\operatorname{tg}^{2} \frac{B}{2}=\frac{4\left(\sin \frac{A+B}{2}\right)^{2}-2 \sin A \sin B}{\left(\cos \frac{A-B}{2}+\cos \frac{A+B}{2}\right)^{2}} \\ =\frac{-2\left(\cos \frac{A-B}{2}\right)^{2}+4 \cos ^{2} \frac{C}{2}+2 \sin ^{2} \frac{C}{2}}{\left(\cos \frac{A-B}{2}+\sin \frac{C}{2}\right)^{2}} \end{array}

Let a=sinC2>0,b=4cos2C2+2sin2C2>0 a=\sin \frac{C}{2}>0, b=4 \cos ^{2} \frac{C}{2}+2 \sin ^{2} \frac{C}{2}>0 , then the above expression becomes: tg2A2+tg2B2=2(cosAB2)2+b(cosAB2+a)2\operatorname{tg}^{2} \frac{A}{2}+\operatorname{tg}^{2} \frac{B}{2}=\frac{-2\left(\cos \frac{A-B}{2}\right)^{2}+b}{\left(\cos \frac{A-B}{2}+a\right)^{2}}
We can prove that the function g(x)=2x2+b(x+a)2(a>0,b>0) g(x)=\frac{-2 x^{2}+b}{(x+a)^{2}}(a>0, b>0) is a monotonically decreasing function on the interval (0,+)(0,+\infty).

Let x1>x2>0 x_{1}>x_{2}>0 , then
g(x2)g(x1)=2a2(x12x22)+4ax1x2(x1x2)(x1+a)2(x2+a)2+b(x12x22)+2ab(x1x2)\begin{array}{l} g\left(x_{2}\right)-g\left(x_{1}\right) \\ =\frac{2 a^{2}\left(x_{1}^{2}-x_{2}{ }^{2}\right)+4 a x_{1} x_{2}\left(x_{1}-x_{2}\right)}{\left(x_{1}+a\right)^{2}\left(x_{2}+a\right)^{2}} \\ \quad+b\left(x_{1}^{2}-x_{2}^{2}\right)+2 a b\left(x_{1}-x_{2}\right) \end{array}
>0>0, which means g(x2)>g(x1) g\left(x_{2}\right)>g\left(x_{1}\right) .
Therefore, if in ABC\triangle A B C and ABC\triangle A^{\prime} B^{\prime} C^{\prime} we have C=C C=C^{\prime} , then we can deduce:
tg2A2+tg2B2>tg2A2+tg2B2cosAB2<cosAB2AB<AB\begin{array}{l} \operatorname{tg}^{2} \frac{A}{2}+\operatorname{tg}^{2} \frac{B}{2}>\operatorname{tg}^{2} \frac{A^{\prime}}{2}+\operatorname{tg}^{2} \frac{B^{\prime}}{2} \\ \Leftrightarrow \Rightarrow \cos \frac{A-B}{2}<\cos \frac{A^{\prime}-B^{\prime}}{2} \\ \Leftrightarrow\left|A^{\prime}-B^{\prime}\right|<|A-B| \end{array}

Thus, according to the corollary, we obtain inequality (10).

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Source: NuminaMath-1.5, licensed Apache-2.0. Statement and solution reproduced as published; topic and difficulty added by this site.