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Algebra Difficulty 8.1 Shortlist Find the answer

Let n2n\geq 2 be a given integer. Find all functions f:RRf:\mathbb{R}\rightarrow \mathbb{R} such that
f(xf(y))=f(x+yn)+f(f(y)+yn),x,yR.f(x-f(y))=f(x+y^n)+f(f(y)+y^n), \qquad \forall x,y \in \mathbb R.

A number or a short expression. Fractions can be typed as 3/2, and spacing doesn't matter.

Solution

Let n2 n \geq 2 be a given integer. We aim to find all functions f:RR f: \mathbb{R} \rightarrow \mathbb{R} such that
f(xf(y))=f(x+yn)+f(f(y)+yn),x,yR. f(x - f(y)) = f(x + y^n) + f(f(y) + y^n), \quad \forall x, y \in \mathbb{R}.

The solutions to this functional equation are:
1. f(x)=0 f(x) = 0 for all xR x \in \mathbb{R} .
2. f(x)=xn f(x) = -x^n for all xR x \in \mathbb{R} .

To verify, we check both functions:

1. For f(x)=0 f(x) = 0 :
f(xf(y))=f(x0)=0, f(x - f(y)) = f(x - 0) = 0,
f(x+yn)+f(f(y)+yn)=0+0=0, f(x + y^n) + f(f(y) + y^n) = 0 + 0 = 0,
which satisfies the given equation.

2. For f(x)=xn f(x) = -x^n :
f(xf(y))=f(x+yn)=(x+yn)n, f(x - f(y)) = f(x + y^n) = -(x + y^n)^n,
f(x+yn)+f(f(y)+yn)=(x+yn)n+((yn+yn)n)=(x+yn)n, f(x + y^n) + f(f(y) + y^n) = - (x + y^n)^n + (-(-y^n + y^n)^n) = -(x + y^n)^n,
which also satisfies the given equation.

Thus, the only solutions are f(x)=0 f(x) = 0 and f(x)=xn f(x) = -x^n .

The answer is: f(x)\boxed{f(x)} = 0 \text{} or } f(x) = -x^n}.

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