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Algebra Difficulty 5.5 AIME, harder Find the answer

For a point P=(x,y)P=(x, y) in the Cartesian plane, let f(P)=(x2y2,2xyy2)f(P)=\left(x^{2}-y^{2}, 2 x y-y^{2}\right). If SS is the set of all PP so that the sequence P,f(P),f(f(P)),f(f(f(P))),P, f(P), f(f(P)), f(f(f(P))), \ldots approaches (0,0)(0,0), then the area of SS can be expressed as πr\pi \sqrt{r} for some positive real number rr. Compute 100r\lfloor 100 r\rfloor.

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Solution

For a point P=(x,y)P=(x, y), let z(P)=x+yωz(P)=x+y \omega, where ω\omega is a nontrivial third root of unity. Then z(f(P))=(x2y2)+(2xyy2)ω=x2+2xyω+y2(1ω)=x2+2xyω+y2ω2=(x+yω)2=z(P)2\begin{aligned} z(f(P))=\left(x^{2}-y^{2}\right)+\left(2 x y-y^{2}\right) \omega=x^{2}+2 x y \omega+y^{2} & (-1-\omega) \\ & =x^{2}+2 x y \omega+y^{2} \omega^{2}=(x+y \omega)^{2}=z(P)^{2} \end{aligned} Applying this recursively gives us z(fn(P))=z(fn1(P))2=z(fn2(P))4==z(P)2nz\left(f^{n}(P)\right)=z\left(f^{n-1}(P)\right)^{2}=z\left(f^{n-2}(P)\right)^{4}=\cdots=z(P)^{2^{n}}. Thus the condition fn(P)(0,0)f^{n}(P) \rightarrow(0,0) is equivalent to z(P)<1|z(P)|<1. The region of such points is the preimage of the unit disk (area π\pi) upon the "shear" sending (0,1)(0,1) to (12,32)\left(-\frac{1}{2}, \frac{\sqrt{3}}{2}\right). This shear multiplies areas by a factor of 32\frac{\sqrt{3}}{2}, so the original area was 2π3=π43\frac{2 \pi}{\sqrt{3}}=\pi \sqrt{\frac{4}{3}}.

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Source: Omni-MATH, licensed Apache-2.0. Statement and solution reproduced as published; topic and difficulty added by this site.