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Algebra Difficulty 5.1 AIME, harder Find the answer

The graph of the equation x+y=x2+y2x+y=\left\lfloor x^{2}+y^{2}\right\rfloor consists of several line segments. Compute the sum of their lengths.

A number or a short expression. Spacing and $ signs are ignored.

Solution

We split into cases on the integer k=x2+y2k=\left\lfloor x^{2}+y^{2}\right\rfloor. Note that x+y=kx+y=k but x2+y2x^{2}+y^{2} \geq 12(x+y)2=12k2\frac{1}{2}(x+y)^{2}=\frac{1}{2} k^{2} and x2+y2<k+1x^{2}+y^{2}<k+1, which forces k2k \leq 2. If k=0k=0, the region defined by 0x2+y2<10 \leq x^{2}+y^{2}<1 and x+y=0x+y=0 is the diameter from (22,22)\left(\frac{\sqrt{2}}{2},-\frac{\sqrt{2}}{2}\right) to (22,22)\left(-\frac{\sqrt{2}}{2}, \frac{\sqrt{2}}{2}\right), which has length 2 . If k=1k=1, the region 1x2+y2<21 \leq x^{2}+y^{2}<2 and x+y=1x+y=1 consists of two segments, which is the chord on x2+y2=2x^{2}+y^{2}=2 minus the chord on x2+y2=1x^{2}+y^{2}=1. The former has length 2(2)2(22)2=62 \sqrt{(\sqrt{2})^{2}-\left(\frac{\sqrt{2}}{2}\right)^{2}}=\sqrt{6}, and the latter has length 212(22)2=22 \sqrt{1^{2}-\left(\frac{\sqrt{2}}{2}\right)^{2}}=\sqrt{2}. So the total length here is 62\sqrt{6}-\sqrt{2}. If k=2k=2, the region 2x2+y2<32 \leq x^{2}+y^{2}<3 and x+y=1x+y=1 is the chord on x2+y2=3x^{2}+y^{2}=3, which has length 2(3)2(2)2=22 \sqrt{(\sqrt{3})^{2}-(\sqrt{2})^{2}}=2. Our final answer is 2+(62)+2=4+622+(\sqrt{6}-\sqrt{2})+2=4+\sqrt{6}-\sqrt{2}.

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Source: Omni-MATH, licensed Apache-2.0. Statement and solution reproduced as published; topic and difficulty added by this site.