Maths Olympiad Prep

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Number theory Difficulty 4.9 AIME Find the answer

How many positive integers less than or equal to 240 can be expressed as a sum of distinct factorials? Consider 0 ! and 1 ! to be distinct.

A number or a short expression. Spacing and $ signs are ignored.

Solution

Note that 1=01=0 !, 2=02=0 ! +1 !, 3=03=0 ! +2 !, and 4=0!+14=0!+1 ! +2 !. These are the only numbers less than 6 that can be written as the sum of factorials. The only other factorials less than 240 are 3!=6,4!=243!=6,4!=24, and 5!=1205!=120. So a positive integer less than or equal to 240 can only contain 3 !, 4 !, 5 !, and/or one of 1,2,31,2,3, or 4 in its sum. If it contains any factorial larger than 5 !, it will be larger than 240 . So a sum less than or equal to 240 will will either include 3 ! or not ( 2 ways), 4 ! or not ( 2 ways), 5 ! or not ( 2 ways), and add an additional 0,1,2,30,1,2,3 or 4 ( 5 ways). This gives 2225=402 \cdot 2 \cdot 2 \cdot 5=40 integers less than 240 . However, we want only positive integers, so we must not count 0 . So there are 39 such positive integers.

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Source: Omni-MATH, licensed Apache-2.0. Statement and solution reproduced as published; topic and difficulty added by this site.