Maths Olympiad Prep

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Geometry Difficulty 5.3 AIME, harder Find the answer

Let \ell and mm be two non-coplanar lines in space, and let P1P_{1} be a point on \ell. Let P2P_{2} be the point on mm closest to P1,P3P_{1}, P_{3} be the point on \ell closest to P2,P4P_{2}, P_{4} be the point on mm closest to P3P_{3}, and P5P_{5} be the point on \ell closest to P4P_{4}. Given that P1P2=5,P2P3=3P_{1} P_{2}=5, P_{2} P_{3}=3, and P3P4=2P_{3} P_{4}=2, compute P4P5P_{4} P_{5}.

A number or a short expression. Spacing and $ signs are ignored.

Solution

Let aa be the answer. By taking the zz-axis to be the cross product of these two lines, we can let the lines be on the planes z=0z=0 and z=hz=h, respectively. Then, by projecting onto the xyxy-plane, we get the above diagram. The projected lengths of the first four segments are 25h2,9h2\sqrt{25-h^{2}}, \sqrt{9-h^{2}}, and 4h2\sqrt{4-h^{2}}, and a2h2\sqrt{a^{2}-h^{2}}. By similar triangles, these lengths must form a geometric progression. Therefore, 25h225-h^{2}, 9h2,4h2,a2h29-h^{2}, 4-h^{2}, a^{2}-h^{2} is a geometric progression. By taking consecutive differences, 16,5,4a216,5,4-a^{2} is a geometric progression. Hence, 4a2=2516a=3944-a^{2}=\frac{25}{16} \Longrightarrow a=\frac{\sqrt{39}}{4}.

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Source: Omni-MATH, licensed Apache-2.0. Statement and solution reproduced as published; topic and difficulty added by this site.