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Geometry Difficulty 5.2 AIME, harder Find the answer

An equiangular hexagon has side lengths 1,1,a,1,1,a1,1, a, 1,1, a in that order. Given that there exists a circle that intersects the hexagon at 12 distinct points, we have M<a<NM<a<N for some real numbers MM and NN. Determine the minimum possible value of the ratio NM\frac{N}{M}.

A number or a short expression. Spacing and $ signs are ignored.

Solution

We claim that the greatest possible value of MM is 31\sqrt{3}-1, whereas the least possible value of NN is 3 . To begin, note that the condition requires the circle to intersect each side of the hexagon at two points on its interior. This implies that the center must be inside the hexagon as its projection onto all six sides must be on their interior. Suppose that the hexagon is ABCDEFA B C D E F, with AB=BC=DE=EF=1A B=B C=D E=E F=1, CD=FA=aC D=F A=a, and the center OO. When a31a \leq \sqrt{3}-1, we note that the distance from OO to CDC D (which is 32\frac{\sqrt{3}}{2} ) is greater than or equal to the distance from OO to BB or EE (which is a+12\frac{a+1}{2} ). However, for the circle to intersect all six sides at two points each, the distance from the center of the circle to CDC D and to FAF A must be strictly less than that from the center to BB and to EE, because otherwise any circle that intersects CDC D and FAF A at two points each must include BB or EE on its boundary or interior, which will not satisfy the condition. WLOG assume that the center of the circle is closer to FAF A than to CDC D, including equality (in other words, the center is on the same side of BEB E as FAF A, possibly on BEB E itself), then note that the parabola with foci BB and EE and common directrix CDC D intersects on point OO, which means that there does not exist a point in the hexagon on the same side of BEB E as FAF A that lies on the same side of both parabola as CDC D. This means that the center of the circle cannot be chosen. When a=31+ϵa=\sqrt{3}-1+\epsilon for some very small real number ϵ>0\epsilon>0, the circle with center OO and radius r=32r=\frac{\sqrt{3}}{2} intersects sides AB,BC,DE,EFA B, B C, D E, E F at two points each and is tangent to CDC D and FAF A on their interior. Therefore, there exists a real number ϵ>0\epsilon^{\prime}>0 such that the circle with center OO and radius r=r+ϵr^{\prime}=r+\epsilon^{\prime} satisfy the requirement. When a3a \geq 3, we note that the projection of BFB F onto BCB C has length 12a21\left|\frac{1}{2}-\frac{a}{2}\right| \geq 1, which means that the projection of FF onto side BCB C is not on its interior, and the same goes for side EFE F onto BCB C. However, for a circle to intersect both BCB C and EFE F at two points, the projection of center of the circle onto the two sides must be on their interior, which cannot happen in this case. When a=3ϵa=3-\epsilon for some very small real number ϵ>0\epsilon>0, a circle with center OO and radius r=34(a+1)r=\frac{\sqrt{3}}{4}(a+1) intersects AFA F and CDC D at two points each and is tangent to all four other sides on their interior. Therefore, there exists a real number ϵ>0\epsilon^{\prime}>0 such that the circle with center OO and radius r=r+ϵr^{\prime}=r+\epsilon^{\prime} satisfy the requirement. With M31M \leq \sqrt{3}-1 and N3N \geq 3, we have NM331=33+32\frac{N}{M} \geq \frac{3}{\sqrt{3}-1}=\frac{3 \sqrt{3}+3}{2}, which is our answer.

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Source: Omni-MATH, licensed Apache-2.0. Statement and solution reproduced as published; topic and difficulty added by this site.