Maths Olympiad Prep

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Geometry Difficulty 5.1 AIME, harder Find the answer

Points XX and YY are inside a unit square. The score of a vertex of the square is the minimum distance from that vertex to XX or YY. What is the minimum possible sum of the scores of the vertices of the square?

A number or a short expression. Spacing and $ signs are ignored.

Solution

Let the square be ABCDA B C D. First, suppose that all four vertices are closer to XX than YY. Then, by the triangle inequality, the sum of the scores is AX+BX+CX+DXAB+CD=2A X+B X+C X+D X \geq A B+C D=2. Similarly, suppose exactly two vertices are closer to XX than YY. Here, we have two distinct cases: the vertices closer to XX are either adjacent or opposite. Again, by the Triangle Inequality, it follows that the sum of the scores of the vertices is at least 2 . On the other hand, suppose that AA is closer to XX and B,C,DB, C, D are closer to YY. We wish to compute the minimum value of AX+BY+CY+DYA X+B Y+C Y+D Y, but note that we can make X=AX=A to simply minimize BY+CY+DYB Y+C Y+D Y. We now want YY to be the Fermat point of triangle BCDB C D, so that \measuredangle B Y C=CYD=DYB=120 \measuredangle C Y D=\measuredangle D Y B=120^{\circ}. Note that by symmetry, we must have \measuredangle B C Y=\measuredangle D C Y=45^{\circ},soCBY=CDY=15, so \measuredangle C B Y=\measuredangle C D Y=15^{\circ} And now we use the law of sines: BY=DY=sin45sin120B Y=D Y=\frac{\sin 45^{\circ}}{\sin 120^{\circ}} and CY=sin15sin120C Y=\frac{\sin 15^{\circ}}{\sin 120^{\circ}}. Now, we have BY+CY+B Y+C Y+ DY=2+62D Y=\frac{\sqrt{2}+\sqrt{6}}{2}, which is less than 2 , so this is our answer.

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