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Algebra Difficulty 7.9 National olympiad, round 2 Find the answer

Find out all the integer pairs (m,n)(m,n) such that there exist two monic polynomials P(x)P(x) and Q(x)Q(x) ,with degP=m\deg{P}=m and degQ=n\deg{Q}=n,satisfy that P(Q(t))Q(P(t))P(Q(t))\not=Q(P(t)) holds for any real number tt.

A number or a short expression. Spacing and $ signs are ignored.

Solution

To find all integer pairs (m,n)(m,n) such that there exist two monic polynomials P(x)P(x) and Q(x)Q(x) with degP=m\deg{P}=m and degQ=n\deg{Q}=n satisfying P(Q(t))Q(P(t))P(Q(t)) \neq Q(P(t)) for any real number tt, we analyze the given conditions and cases.

### Analysis:
1. **Case (m,n)=(1,1)(m,n) = (1,1):**
- If P(x)=x+aP(x) = x + a and Q(x)=x+bQ(x) = x + b, then P(Q(x))=Q(P(x))=x+a+bP(Q(x)) = Q(P(x)) = x + a + b. Thus, P(Q(t))=Q(P(t))P(Q(t)) = Q(P(t)) for any tt.

2. **Case (m,n)=(2k,1)(m,n) = (2k,1) or (1,2k)(1,2k):**
- Let P(x)=xm+aP(x) = x^m + a and Q(x)=x+bQ(x) = x + b. Then P(Q(x))=(x+b)m+aP(Q(x)) = (x + b)^m + a and Q(P(x))=xm+a+bQ(P(x)) = x^m + a + b. Since mm is even, P(Q(x))Q(P(x))P(Q(x)) - Q(P(x)) will have an odd degree term, ensuring there exists a real tt such that P(Q(t))=Q(P(t))P(Q(t)) = Q(P(t)).

3. **Case where (m,n)(1,1),(1,2k),(2k,1)(m,n) \neq (1,1), (1,2k), (2k,1):
-
Subcase 1: At least one of mm or nn is even.**
- Without loss of generality, assume nn is even. Choose P(x)=xmP(x) = x^m and Q(x)=xn+3Q(x) = x^n + 3. Then,
P(Q(x))Q(P(x))=(xn+3)mxmn3 P(Q(x)) - Q(P(x)) = (x^n + 3)^m - x^{mn} - 3
is a polynomial with nonnegative coefficients and only even degrees, with a positive constant term. Hence, P(Q(x))Q(P(x))>0P(Q(x)) - Q(P(x)) > 0 for all xRx \in \mathbb{R}.

- **Subcase 2: Both mm and nn are odd.**
- Assume m>1m > 1. Choose P(x)=xmP(x) = x^m and Q(x)=xn+3Q(x) = x^n + 3. Then,
P(Q(x))Q(P(x))=(xn+3)mxmn3 P(Q(x)) - Q(P(x)) = (x^n + 3)^m - x^{mn} - 3
can be shown to be positive for all xRx \in \mathbb{R} using properties of sums of powers and polynomial inequalities.

### Conclusion:
The integer pairs (m,n)(m,n) such that P(Q(t))Q(P(t))P(Q(t)) \neq Q(P(t)) for any real number tt are all pairs except (1,1)(1,1), (1,2k)(1,2k), and (2k,1)(2k,1).

The answer is: All pairs except (1,1),(1,2k),(2k,1)\boxed{\text{All pairs except } (1,1), (1,2k), (2k,1)}.

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Source: Omni-MATH, licensed Apache-2.0. Statement and solution reproduced as published; topic and difficulty added by this site.