Vova has a square grid . Unfortunately, cells are stained with coffee. Determine if Vova always can cut out a clean square without its central cell, if
a) ;
b) .
Solution
Consider a square grid of size . We need to determine if Vova can always cut out a clean square without its central cell, given that some cells are stained.
### Part a) When
1. Calculate Total Cells:
There are 5184 cells in total.
2. Calculate Clean Cells:
3. **Determine Clean Squares:**
- Each square without the central cell contains 8 cells.
- For Vova to be unable to cut out such a square, all possible arrangements of squares must contain at least 1 stained cell.
4. **Calculate Total Configurations:**
There are 4900 possible square arrangements.
5. Compare Clean Cells and Required Conditions:
- The number of clean cells (4485) is more than half of the total possible square configurations (2450 if each were to perfectly avoid repeats).
- Since 4485 clean cells is more than half, Vova can always find a configuration with only clean cells (fewer than is required due to overlapping).
Thus, for , Vova can always cut out a clean square without its central cell.
### Part b) When
1. Calculate Clean Cells:
2. **Compare with the Requirement for Clean Squares:**
- The reasoning is similar to part (a).
- However, with 4434 clean cells, ensuring a clean square for all 4900 possible positions without overlapping via excess becomes untenable.
From combinatorial reasoning and applications of the pigeonhole principle, it's clear that with 4434 clean cells, intersections among the blocks will eventually prohibit finding one clean block for every arrangement.
Thus, for , Vova cannot always cut out a clean square without its central cell.
Therefore, the final answers are: