Maths Olympiad Prep

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Algebra Difficulty 5.4 AIME, harder Find the answer

Compute the value of 125+224+323++242+2511^{25}+2^{24}+3^{23}+\ldots+24^{2}+25^{1}. If your answer is AA and the correct answer is CC, then your score on this problem will be 25 min((AC)2,(CA)2)\left\lfloor 25 \mathrm{~min}\left(\left(\frac{A}{C}\right)^{2},\left(\frac{C}{A}\right)^{2}\right)\right\rfloor.

A number or a short expression. Spacing and $ signs are ignored.

Solution

The sum is extremely unimodal, so we want to approximate it using its largest term. Taking logs of each term, we see that the max occurs when (26n)logn(26-n) \log n peaks, and taking derivatives gives x+xlogx=26x+x \log x=26. From here it's easy to see that the answer is around 10, and slightly less (it's actually about 8.3, but in any case it's hard to find powers of anything except 10). Thus the largest term will be something like 101610^{16}, which is already an order of magnitude within the desired answer 6.6×10166.6 \times 10^{16}. To do better we'd really need to understand the behavior of the function x26xx^{26-x}, but what approximately happens is that only the four or five largest terms in the sum are of any substantial size; thus it is reasonable here to pick some constant from 4 to 20 to multiply our guess 101610^{16}; any guess between 4.0×10164.0 \times 10^{16} and 2.0×10172.0 \times 10^{17} is reasonable.

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Source: Omni-MATH, licensed Apache-2.0. Statement and solution reproduced as published; topic and difficulty added by this site.