Maths Olympiad Prep

Library / /799 of 860

Algebra Difficulty 5.6 AIME, harder Find the answer

Find all ordered 4-tuples of integers (a,b,c,d)(a, b, c, d) (not necessarily distinct) satisfying the following system of equations: a2b2c2d2=cb2a^{2}-b^{2}-c^{2}-d^{2} =c-b-2, 2ab=ad322 a b =a-d-32, 2ac=28ad2 a c =28-a-d, 2ad=b+c+312 a d =b+c+31.

A number or a short expression. Fractions can be typed as 3/2, and spacing doesn't matter.

Solution

Solution 1. Subtract the second equation from the third to get a(cb+1)=30a(c-b+1)=30. Add the second and third to get 2a(b+c)=42d2 a(b+c)=-4-2 d. Substitute into the fourth to get 2a(2ad31)=42da(312ad)=2+dd=31a22a2+12 a(2 a d-31)=-4-2 d \Longleftrightarrow a(31-2 a d)=2+d \Longleftrightarrow d=\frac{31 a-2}{2 a^{2}+1} which in particular gives a≢1(mod3)a \not \equiv 1(\bmod 3). Then plugging in a factor of 30 for aa gives us the system of equations b+c=2ad31b+c=2 a d-31 and cb+1=30/ac-b+1=30 / a in b,cb, c. Here, observe that b+cb+c is odd, so cb+1c-b+1 is even. Thus aa must be odd (and from earlier a≢1(mod3)a \not \equiv 1(\bmod 3) ), so a{1,±3,5,±15}a \in\{-1, \pm 3,5, \pm 15\}. Manually checking these, we see that the only possibilities we need to check are (a,d)=(5,3),(1,11),(3,5)(a, d)=(5,3),(-1,-11),(-3,-5), corresponding to (b,c)=(3,2),(11,20),(5,6)(b, c)=(-3,2),(11,-20),(5,-6). Then check the three candidates against first condition a2b2c2d2=cb2a^{2}-b^{2}-c^{2}-d^{2}=c-b-2 to find our only solution (a,b,c,d)=(5,3,2,3)(a, b, c, d)=(5,-3,2,3). Solution 2. Here's an alternative casework solution. From 2ad=b+c+312 a d=b+c+31, we have that b+cb+c is odd. So, bb and cc has different parity. Thus, b2+c21(mod4)b^{2}+c^{2} \equiv 1(\bmod 4). Plugging this into the first equation, we get that aa and dd also have the same parity. So, a2b2c2d21(mod4)a^{2}-b^{2}-c^{2}-d^{2} \equiv-1(\bmod 4). Thus, cb21(mod4)c-b-2 \equiv-1(\bmod 4). So, cb+1(mod4)c \equiv b+1(\bmod 4). From taking modulo aa in the second and third equation, we have ad+32a \mid d+32 and a28da \mid 28-d. So, a60a \mid 60. Now, if aa is even, let a=2ka=2 k and d=2md=2 m. Plugging this in the second and third equation, we get 2kc=14km2 k c=14-k-m and 2kb=km162 k b=k-m-16. So, k(cb)=15kk(c-b)=15-k. We can see that k0k \neq 0. Therefore, cb=15kk=15k1c-b=\frac{15-k}{k}=\frac{15}{k}-1. But cb1(mod4)c-b \equiv 1(\bmod 4). So, 15k11(mod4)\frac{15}{k}-1 \equiv 1(\bmod 4), or 15k2(mod4)\frac{15}{k} \equiv 2(\bmod 4) which leads to a contradiction. So, aa is odd. And we have a60a \mid 60. So, a15a \mid 15. This gives us 8 easy possibilities to check...

Want a route through all this instead of an archive? The track puts 2,000 problems in a working order, from AMC 10 level to the IMO shortlist.

Source: Omni-MATH, licensed Apache-2.0. Statement and solution reproduced as published; topic and difficulty added by this site.