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Junior Balkan MO

Number theory Difficulty 5.7 AIME, harder Find the answer

Find all triplets of integers (a,b,c)(a,b,c) such that the number
N=(a−b)(b−c)(c−a)2+2N = \frac{(a-b)(b-c)(c-a)}{2} + 2
is a power of 20162016 .
(A power of 20162016 is an integer of form 2016n2016^n ,where nn is a non-negative integer.)

A number or a short expression. Fractions can be typed as 3/2, and spacing doesn't matter.

Solution

It is given that a,b,c∈Za,b,c \in \mathbb{Z}
Let (a−b)=−x(a-b) = -x and (b−c)=−y(b-c)=-y then (c−a)=x+y(c-a) = x+y and x,y∈Zx,y \in \mathbb{Z}
(a−b)(b−c)(c−a)=xy(x+y)(a-b)(b-c)(c-a) = xy(x+y)
We can then distinguish between two cases:
Case 1: If n=0n=0
2016n=20160=1≡1(mod  2016)2016^n = 2016^0 = 1 \equiv 1 (\mod 2016)
xy(x+y)=−2xy(x+y) = -2
−2=(−1)(−1)(+2)=(−1)(+1)(+2)=(+1)(+1)(−2)-2 = (-1)(-1)(+2) = (-1)(+1)(+2)=(+1)(+1)(-2)
(x,y)∈{(−1,−1),(−2,1),(−1,2)}(x,y) \in \{(-1,-1), (-2,1), (-1,2)\}
(a,b,c)=(k,k+1,k+2)(a,b,c) = (k, k+1, k+2) and all cyclic permutations, with k∈Zk \in \mathbb{Z}
Case 2: If n>0n>0
2016n≡0(mod  2016)2016^n \equiv 0 (\mod 2016)
xy(x+y)+4=2⋅2016nxy(x+y) + 4 = 2 \cdot 2016^n
2016=25⋅32⋅72016 = 2^5 \cdot 3^2 \cdot 7 is the unique prime factorization.
Using module arithmetic, it can be proved that there is no solution.
Method 1: Using modulo 9
xy(x+y)+4≡0(mod  9)xy(x+y) + 4 \equiv 0 (\mod 9)
xy(x+y)≡0(mod  9)xy(x+y) \equiv 0 (\mod 9)
In general, it is impossible to find integer values for x,yx,y to satisfy the last statement.
One way to show this is by checking all 27 possible cases modulo 9. An other one is the following:
xy(x+y)+4≡0(mod  3)xy(x+y) + 4 \equiv 0 (\mod 3)
xy(x+y)≡0(mod  3)xy(x+y) \equiv 0 (\mod 3)
x≡1(mod  3)x \equiv 1 (\mod 3) and y≡1(mod  3)y \equiv 1 (\mod 3)
x,y∈{1(mod  3),4(mod  3),7(mod  3)}x,y \in \{ 1(\mod 3), 4(\mod 3), 7(\mod 3) \}
xy(x+y)≡2(mod  9)xy(x+y) \equiv 2 (\mod 9) which is absurd since xy(x+y)≡5(mod  9)xy(x+y) \equiv 5 (\mod 9) .
Method 2: Using modulo 7
xy(x+y)+4≡0(mod  7)xy(x+y) + 4 \equiv 0 (\mod 7)
xy(x+y)≡3(mod  7)xy(x+y) \equiv 3 (\mod 7)
In general, it is impossible to find integer values for x,yx,y to satisfy the last statement.
One way to show this is by checking all 15 possible cases modulo 7.

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