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Algebra Difficulty 5.3 AIME, harder Find the answer

A sequence of real numbers a0,a1,,a9a_{0}, a_{1}, \ldots, a_{9} with a0=0,a1=1a_{0}=0, a_{1}=1, and a2>0a_{2}>0 satisfies an+2anan1=an+2+an+an1a_{n+2} a_{n} a_{n-1}=a_{n+2}+a_{n}+a_{n-1} for all 1n71 \leq n \leq 7, but cannot be extended to a10a_{10}. In other words, no values of a10Ra_{10} \in \mathbb{R} satisfy a10a8a7=a10+a8+a7a_{10} a_{8} a_{7}=a_{10}+a_{8}+a_{7} Compute the smallest possible value of a2a_{2}.

A number or a short expression. Fractions can be typed as 3/2, and spacing doesn't matter.

Solution

Say a2=aa_{2}=a. Then using the recursion equation, we have a3=1,a4=a+1a1,a5=a+1a+1,a6=1aa_{3}=-1, a_{4}=\frac{a+1}{a-1}, a_{5}=\frac{-a+1}{a+1}, a_{6}=-\frac{1}{a}, a7=2aa21a_{7}=-\frac{2 a}{a^{2}-1}, and a8=1a_{8}=1 Now we have a10a8a7=a10+a8+a7a_{10} a_{8} a_{7}=a_{10}+a_{8}+a_{7}. No value of a10a_{10} can satisfy this equation iff a8a7=1a_{8} a_{7}=1 and a8+a70a_{8}+a_{7} \neq 0. Since a8a_{8} is 1, we want 1=a7=2aa211=a_{7}=-\frac{2 a}{a^{2}-1}, which gives a2+2a1=0a^{2}+2 a-1=0. The only positive root of this equation is 21\sqrt{2}-1. This problem can also be solved by a tangent substitution. Write an=tanαna_{n}=\tan \alpha_{n}. The given condition becomes αn+2+αn+αn1=0\alpha_{n+2}+\alpha_{n}+\alpha_{n-1}=0 We are given α0=0,α1=π/4\alpha_{0}=0, \alpha_{1}=\pi / 4, and α2(0,π/2)\alpha_{2} \in(0, \pi / 2). Using this, we can recursively compute α3,α4,\alpha_{3}, \alpha_{4}, \ldots in terms of α2\alpha_{2} until we get to α10=3π42α2\alpha_{10}=\frac{3 \pi}{4}-2 \alpha_{2}. For a10a_{10} not to exist, we need α10π/2modπ\alpha_{10} \equiv \pi / 2 \bmod \pi. The only possible value of α2(0,π/2)\alpha_{2} \in(0, \pi / 2) is α2=π/8\alpha_{2}=\pi / 8, which gives a2=tanπ/8=21a_{2}=\tan \pi / 8=\sqrt{2}-1.

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Source: Omni-MATH, licensed Apache-2.0. Statement and solution reproduced as published; topic and difficulty added by this site.