Maths Olympiad Prep

Library / /319 of 348

Algebra Difficulty 5.2 AIME, harder Find the answer

Alice thinks of four positive integers abcda \leq b \leq c \leq d satisfying {ab+cd,ac+bd,ad+bc}={40,70,100}\{a b+c d, a c+b d, a d+b c\}=\{40,70,100\}. What are all the possible tuples (a,b,c,d)(a, b, c, d) that Alice could be thinking of?

A number or a short expression. Spacing and $ signs are ignored.

Solution

Since abcd=acbd=adbca b \cdot c d=a c \cdot b d=a d \cdot b c, the largest sum among ab+cd,ac+bd,ad+bca b+c d, a c+b d, a d+b c will be the one with the largest difference between the two quantities, so ab+cd=100,ac+bd=70,ad+bc=40a b+c d=100, a c+b d=70, a d+b c=40. Consider the sum of each pair of equations, which gives (a+b)(c+d)=110,(a+c)(b+d)=140,(a+(a+b)(c+d)=110,(a+c)(b+d)=140,(a+ d)(b+c)=170d)(b+c)=170. Since each of these are pairs summing to S=a+b+c+dS=a+b+c+d, by looking at the discriminant of the quadratics with roots a+ba+b and c+d,a+cc+d, a+c and b+db+d, and a+da+d and b+cb+c, we have that S2680,S2560,S2440S^{2}-680, S^{2}-560, S^{2}-440 must be perfect squares. Therefore, we need to find all arithmetic progressions of three squares with common difference 120. The equation x2y2=120x^{2}-y^{2}=120 has (31,29),(17,13),(13,7),(11,1)(31,29),(17,13),(13,7),(11,1) as a solution, and so the only possibility is 49,169,28949,169,289. This implies that S2=729S=27S^{2}=729 \Longrightarrow S=27. We now need to verify this works. Note that this implies {a+b,c+d}={5,22},{a+c,b+d}=\{a+b, c+d\}=\{5,22\},\{a+c, b+d\}= {7,20},{a+d,b+c}={10,17}\{7,20\},\{a+d, b+c\}=\{10,17\}. Therefore, a+b=5,a+c=7a+b=5, a+c=7. This means that b+cb+c is even, so b+c=10b+c=10. This gives us (a,b,c,d)=(1,4,6,16)(a, b, c, d)=(1,4,6,16) is the only possibility, as desired.

Want a route through all this instead of an archive? The track puts 2,000 problems in a working order, from AMC 10 level to the IMO shortlist.

Source: Omni-MATH, licensed Apache-2.0. Statement and solution reproduced as published; topic and difficulty added by this site.