Maths Olympiad Prep

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HMMT February

Number theory Difficulty 5.2 AIME, harder Find the answer

Ten positive integers are arranged around a circle. Each number is one more than the greatest common divisor of its two neighbors. What is the sum of the ten numbers?

A number or a short expression. Fractions can be typed as 3/2, and spacing doesn't matter.

Solution

First note that all the integers must be at least 2, because the greatest common divisor of any two positive integers is at least 1. Let nn be the largest integer in the circle. The greatest common divisor of its two neighbors is n−1n-1. Therefore, each of the two neighbors is at least n−1n-1 but at most nn, so since n−1∤nn-1 \nmid n for n−1≥2n-1 \geq 2, they must both be equal to n−1n-1. Let mm be one of the numbers on the other side of n−1n-1 from nn. Then gcd⁡(n,m)=n−2\operatorname{gcd}(n, m)=n-2. Since n−2≥0,n−2∣nn-2 \geq 0, n-2 \mid n only for n=3n=3 or 4. If n=3n=3, each number must be 2 or 3, and it is easy to check that there is no solution. If n=4n=4, then it is again not hard to find that there is a unique solution up to rotation, namely 4322343223. The only possible sum is therefore 28.

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