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Number theory Difficulty 6.3 National olympiad Find the answer

A positive integer nn is inverosimilinverosimil if there exists nn integers not necessarily distinct such that the sum and the product of this integers are equal to nn. How many positive integers less than or equal to 20222022 are inverosimilsinverosimils?

A number or a short expression. Spacing and $ signs are ignored.

Solution

We are tasked with determining how many positive integers n2022 n \leq 2022 are inversosimilinversosimil, which means n n can be expressed with n n integers such that both the sum and the product of these integers equal n n .

To solve this problem, let's first consider the sequence of integers that can satisfy the condition. Suppose we have n n integers a1,a2,,an a_1, a_2, \ldots, a_n such that:

a1+a2++an=nanda1×a2××an=n a_1 + a_2 + \cdots + a_n = n \quad \text{and} \quad a_1 \times a_2 \times \cdots \times a_n = n

For this to hold, one straightforward solution is to set n1 n-1 of these integers to be 1, and the last integer to be n(n1)=1 n - (n-1) = 1 . This leads us to the sequence of all ones:

1,1,,1 1, 1, \ldots, 1

This sequence sums to n n and the product is also 1, which equals n n when n=1 n = 1 .

However, to meet the criteria for other values of n n , let us consider a more practical setup. If we have n1 n - 1 ones and one last integer a a such that:

1+1++1+a=n 1 + 1 + \cdots + 1 + a = n

This equates to:

n1+a=na=1 n - 1 + a = n \quad \Rightarrow \quad a = 1

The product is:

1×1××1×(n(n1))=1 1 \times 1 \times \cdots \times 1 \times (n - (n-1)) = 1

This is also satisfied if all but one integer are 1, and the last an=n a_n = n , which corresponds to consideting:

1+1++1+(n(n1))=nand1××1×n=n 1 + 1 + \cdots + 1 + (n-(n-1))= n \quad \text{and} \quad 1 \times \cdots \times 1 \times n = n

Thus, integers n n are inverosimilinverosimil specifically when they can also be expressed as sequences of ones and a single additional n n . This usually occurs with even numbers greater than 2.

Reinterpreting this pattern across all n n up to 2022, you can identify that all even numbers n=2k n = 2k , where k k is a positive integer, will fit this description since they allow such balanced sequences of contributing numbers. The even numbers less than or equal to 2022 range from 2 to 2022, inclusively.

Hence, considering the values:

2,4,6,,2022 2, 4, 6, \ldots, 2022

We establish the total number of terms in this sequence by using an arithmetic progression formula where each difference between terms is 2. Finally,

202222+1=1010 \frac{2022 - 2}{2} + 1 = 1010

The number of inverosimilinverosimil integers less than or equal to 2022 is therefore:

1010 \boxed{1010}

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Source: Omni-MATH, licensed Apache-2.0. Statement and solution reproduced as published; topic and difficulty added by this site.