Find the smallest real constant α such that for all positive integers n and real numbers 0=y0<y1<⋯<yn, the following inequality holds: α∑k=1nyk2−yk−12(k+1)3/2≥∑k=1nykk2+3k+3.
A number or a short expression. Spacing and $ signs are ignored.
Solution
We first prove the following lemma: Lemma. For positive reals a,b,c,d, the inequality c1/2a3/2+d1/2b3/2≥(c+d)1/2(a+b)3/2 holds. Proof. Apply Hölder's inequality in the form (c1/2a3/2+d1/2b3/2)2(c+d)≥(a+b)3. For k≥2, applying the lemma to a=(k−1)2,b=8k+8,c=yk−12,d=yk2−yk−12 yields yk−1(k−1)3+yk2−yk−12(8k+8)3/2≥yk(k+3)3. We also have the equality y12−y02(8⋅1+8)3/2=y1(1+3)3. Summing the inequality from k=2 to k=n with the equality yields ∑k=1nyk2−yk−12(8k+8)3/2≥∑k=1nyk9(k2+3k+3). Hence the inequality holds for α=9162. In the reverse direction, this is sharp when yn=n(n+1)(n+2)(n+3) (so that yk−1=k+3k−1yk for k=2,…,n) and n→∞.
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