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Algebra Difficulty 5.7 AIME, harder Find the answer

Find the smallest real constant α\alpha such that for all positive integers nn and real numbers 0=y0<0=y_{0}< y1<<yny_{1}<\cdots<y_{n}, the following inequality holds: αk=1n(k+1)3/2yk2yk12k=1nk2+3k+3yk\alpha \sum_{k=1}^{n} \frac{(k+1)^{3 / 2}}{\sqrt{y_{k}^{2}-y_{k-1}^{2}}} \geq \sum_{k=1}^{n} \frac{k^{2}+3 k+3}{y_{k}}.

A number or a short expression. Spacing and $ signs are ignored.

Solution

We first prove the following lemma: Lemma. For positive reals a,b,c,da, b, c, d, the inequality a3/2c1/2+b3/2d1/2(a+b)3/2(c+d)1/2\frac{a^{3 / 2}}{c^{1 / 2}}+\frac{b^{3 / 2}}{d^{1 / 2}} \geq \frac{(a+b)^{3 / 2}}{(c+d)^{1 / 2}} holds. Proof. Apply Hölder's inequality in the form (a3/2c1/2+b3/2d1/2)2(c+d)(a+b)3\left(\frac{a^{3 / 2}}{c^{1 / 2}}+\frac{b^{3 / 2}}{d^{1 / 2}}\right)^{2}(c+d) \geq(a+b)^{3}. For k2k \geq 2, applying the lemma to a=(k1)2,b=8k+8,c=yk12,d=yk2yk12a=(k-1)^{2}, b=8 k+8, c=y_{k-1}^{2}, d=y_{k}^{2}-y_{k-1}^{2} yields (k1)3yk1+(8k+8)3/2yk2yk12(k+3)3yk\frac{(k-1)^{3}}{y_{k-1}}+\frac{(8 k+8)^{3 / 2}}{\sqrt{y_{k}^{2}-y_{k-1}^{2}}} \geq \frac{(k+3)^{3}}{y_{k}}. We also have the equality (81+8)3/2y12y02=(1+3)3y1\frac{(8 \cdot 1+8)^{3 / 2}}{\sqrt{y_{1}^{2}-y_{0}^{2}}}=\frac{(1+3)^{3}}{y_{1}}. Summing the inequality from k=2k=2 to k=nk=n with the equality yields k=1n(8k+8)3/2yk2yk12k=1n9(k2+3k+3)yk\sum_{k=1}^{n} \frac{(8 k+8)^{3 / 2}}{\sqrt{y_{k}^{2}-y_{k-1}^{2}}} \geq \sum_{k=1}^{n} \frac{9\left(k^{2}+3 k+3\right)}{y_{k}}. Hence the inequality holds for α=1629\alpha=\frac{16 \sqrt{2}}{9}. In the reverse direction, this is sharp when yn=n(n+1)(n+y_{n}=n(n+1)(n+ 2)(n+3)2)(n+3) (so that yk1=k1k+3yky_{k-1}=\frac{k-1}{k+3} y_{k} for k=2,,nk=2, \ldots, n) and nn \rightarrow \infty.

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Source: Omni-MATH, licensed Apache-2.0. Statement and solution reproduced as published; topic and difficulty added by this site.