Maths Olympiad Prep

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Number theory Difficulty 4.9 AIME Find the answer

Compute the number of distinct pairs of the form (first three digits of xx, first three digits of x4x^{4} ) over all integers x>1010x>10^{10}. For example, one such pair is (100,100)(100,100) when x=101010x=10^{10^{10}}.

A number or a short expression. Fractions can be typed as 3/2, and spacing doesn't matter.

Solution

Graph these points on an x,yx, y-plane. We claim that there are integers 100=a0<a1<100=a_{0}<a_{1}< a2<a3<a4=999a_{2}<a_{3}<a_{4}=999, for which the locus of these points is entirely contained in four taxicab (up/right movement by 1 unit) paths from (ai,100)\left(a_{i}, 100\right) to (ai+1,999),i=0,1,2,3\left(a_{i+1}, 999\right), i=0,1,2,3. As we increment xx very slowly over all reals in [100,1000)[100,1000), which would produce the same set of tuples as we want (some small details missing here, but for large enough xx we can approximate these decimals to arbitrary precision by scaling by some 10k10^{k} ), it is clear that we must either have only one of the values increasing by 1 , or both of them increasing by 1 , where increasing by 1 in this context also includes the looping over from 999 to 100. In particular, this looping over occurs at the first three digits of powers of 104\sqrt[4]{10} between 1 and 10 (i.e. 177,316,562177,316,562 ), which are precisely the values of a1,a2,a3a_{1}, a_{2}, a_{3} that we claimed to exist. Therefore, our taxicab paths have the same total length as one going from (100,100)(100,100) up to ( 999+999+ 900+900+900,999)900+900+900,999), by stacking our four segments to continue from each other vertically. It remains to compute the number of times both sides of the tuple increased simultaneously, which correspond to fourth powers in the interval (1,1000)(1,1000). There are four of these corresponding to 24,34,44,542^{4}, 3^{4}, 4^{4}, 5^{4}, which are at (199,159)(199,159) to (200,160),(299,809)(200,160),(299,809) to (300,810),(399,255)(300,810),(399,255) to (400,256)(400,256), and (499,624)(499,624) to (500,625)(500,625). So, our taxicab path is only missing these four holes. Our final count is equal to the total taxidistance of the path, minus 4 , and then finally adding back 1 to account for a starting point. 2899+39004+1=4495 2 \cdot 899+3 \cdot 900-4+1=4495

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Source: Omni-MATH, licensed Apache-2.0. Statement and solution reproduced as published; topic and difficulty added by this site.