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Algebra Difficulty 5.6 AIME, harder Find the answer

The rank of a rational number qq is the unique kk for which q=1a1++1akq=\frac{1}{a_{1}}+\cdots+\frac{1}{a_{k}}, where each aia_{i} is the smallest positive integer such that q1a1++1aiq \geq \frac{1}{a_{1}}+\cdots+\frac{1}{a_{i}}. Let qq be the largest rational number less than \frac{1}{4}withrank3,andsupposetheexpressionfor with rank 3, and suppose the expression for qis1a1+1a2+1a3 is \frac{1}{a_{1}}+\frac{1}{a_{2}}+\frac{1}{a_{3}}. Find the ordered triple \left(a_{1}, a_{2}, a_{3}\right).

A number or a short expression. Spacing and $ signs are ignored.

Solution

Suppose that AA and BB were rational numbers of rank 3 less than 14\frac{1}{4}, and let a1,a2,a3,b1,b2,b3a_{1}, a_{2}, a_{3}, b_{1}, b_{2}, b_{3} be positive integers so that A=1a1+1a2+1a3A=\frac{1}{a_{1}}+\frac{1}{a_{2}}+\frac{1}{a_{3}} and B=1b1+1b2+1b3B=\frac{1}{b_{1}}+\frac{1}{b_{2}}+\frac{1}{b_{3}} are the expressions for AA and BB as stated in the problem. If b1<a1b_{1}<a_{1} then A<1a111b1<BA<\frac{1}{a_{1}-1} \leq \frac{1}{b_{1}}<B. In other words, of all the rationals less than 14\frac{1}{4} with rank 3, those that have a1=5a_{1}=5 are greater than those that have a1=6,7,8,a_{1}=6,7,8, \ldots Therefore we can "build" qq greedily, adding the largest unit fraction that keeps qq less than 14\frac{1}{4}: 15\frac{1}{5} is the largest unit fraction less than 14\frac{1}{4}, hence a1=5a_{1}=5; 127\frac{1}{27} is the largest unit fraction less than 1415\frac{1}{4}-\frac{1}{5}, hence a2=21a_{2}=21; 1421\frac{1}{421} is the largest unit fraction less than 1415121\frac{1}{4}-\frac{1}{5}-\frac{1}{21}, hence a3=421a_{3}=421.

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Source: Omni-MATH, licensed Apache-2.0. Statement and solution reproduced as published; topic and difficulty added by this site.