Maths Olympiad Prep

Library / /6 of 34

Number theory Difficulty 5.0 AIME, harder Find the answer

For each nonnegative integer nn we define An=23n+36n+2+56n+2A_n = 2^{3n}+3^{6n+2}+5^{6n+2} . Find the greatest common divisor of the numbers A0,A1,,A1999A_0,A_1,\ldots, A_{1999} .

A number or a short expression. Spacing and $ signs are ignored.

Solution

Note that A0=20+32+52=35A_0 = 2^0 + 3^2 + 5^2 = 35 , so the GCD must be a factor of 35. The prime factorization of 3535 is 575 \cdot 7 , so we need to check if 55 and 77 are factors of the rest of the numbers.
Note that A1=23+38+58A_1 = 2^3 + 3^8 + 5^8 . Taking both sides modulo 5 yields A123+384(mod5)A_1 \equiv 2^3 + 3^8 \equiv 4 \pmod{5} , and taking both sides modulo 7 yields A11+38+581+2+40(mod7)A_1 \equiv 1 + 3^8 + 5^8 \equiv 1+2+4 \equiv 0 \pmod{7} . That means 55 couldn't be the GCD, but 77 could be the GCD.
To confirm that 77 is the GCD of the 2000 numbers, note that by Euler's Totient Theorem , 36561(mod7)3^6 \equiv 5^6 \equiv 1 \pmod{7} . That means 36n+2(36)n322(mod7)3^{6n+2} \equiv (3^6)^n \cdot 3^2 \equiv 2 \pmod{7} and 56n+2(56)n524(mod7)5^{6n+2} \equiv (5^6)^n \cdot 5^2 \equiv 4 \pmod{7} . Also, since 231(mod7)2^3 \equiv 1 \pmod{7} , we have 23n(23)n1(mod7)2^{3n} \equiv (2^3)^n \equiv 1 \pmod{7} . Thus, 23n+36n+2+56n+21+2+40(mod7)2^{3n} + 3^{6n+2} + 5^{6n+2} \equiv 1+2+4 \equiv 0 \pmod{7} , making AnA_n a multiple of 7.
In summary, the greatest common divisor of the numbers A0,A1,,A1999A_0,A_1,\ldots, A_{1999} is 7\boxed{7} .

Want a route through all this instead of an archive? The track puts 2,000 problems in a working order, from AMC 10 level to the IMO shortlist.

Source: Omni-MATH, licensed Apache-2.0. Statement and solution reproduced as published; topic and difficulty added by this site.