Problem 260

Of the integers from $1$ to $30$, there are six each of $0,1,2,3,4\ (\text{mod}\ 5)$. We can create several rules to follow for the elements in subset $S$. No element can be $1\ (\text{mod}\ 5)$ if there is an element that is $4\ (\text{mod}\ 5)$. No element can be $2\ (\text{mod}\ 5)$ if there is an element that is $3\ (\text{mod}\ 5)$. Thus we can pick 6 elements from either $1\ (\text{mod}\ 5)$ or $4\ (\text{mod}\ 5)$ and 6 elements from either $2\ (\text{mod}\ 5)$ or $3\ (\text{mod}\ 5)$ for a total of $6+6=12$ elements. Considering $0\ (\text{mod}\ 5)$, there can be one element that is so because it will only be divisible by $5$ if paired with another element that is $0\ (\text{mod}\ 5)$. The final answer is $\boxed{\textbf{(B)}\ 13}$.

== Solution 2 == ( Similar to solution 1 but more detailed)
Since we are taking the sum of distinct numbers mod(5), the only values that can be the remainder is $0$,$1$,$2$,$3$,$4$. We dismiss the case of remainder $0$ because this would make the sum a multiple of 5, which is not allowed. In addition, since we can't have 0 or 5 mod(5), we make some restraints. There are four different cases for the "allowed" mods in the sequence, or the remainders that the sum of distinct elements are allowed to be in the sequence. They are:
1) 1mod(5), and 3mod(5)

2) 1mod(5), and 2mod(5)

3) 2mod(5), and 4mod(5),

4) 2mod(5), and 1mod(5)
Now, we can calculate the number of elements in each of these cases. For the first case, we rewrite 1mod(5) in the form 5k+1. Because 5k+1 < 30, which is the largest element in the sequence possible, we obtain k=5. In addition, for 3mod(5), we have 3x+5<30, x=5. This gives us 5+5=10 solutions. The reason why we can add these elements is because all of these elements, no matter which two you add, can never be a multiple of 5. The only possible remainders for the sum are 1+1, 1+3, or 3+3.
In a similar manner, we calculate the element using the same logic. We find that 2mod(5) has 5 elements, and 1mod(5) has 8 elements, meaning that there are a total of 13 elements, which is the answer.
~CharmaineMa07292010