Maths Olympiad Prep

Track / Stage 6 / 311 of 400 #1311 of 1964

Problem 1311

National olympiad, first round
Number theory Difficulty 6.6 Find the answer

Determine whether there exists positive integers a1<a2<<aka_{1}<a_{2}< \cdot \cdot \cdot <a_{k} such that all sums ai+aj a_{i}+a_{j}, where 1 i<jk\leq i < j \leq k, are unique, and among those sums, there are 10001000 consecutive integers.

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Official solution

1. Define the problem in terms of "good" integers:
We say that a positive integer n n is good if there exist positive integers a1<a2<<ak a_1 < a_2 < \cdots < a_k such that the sums ai+aj a_i + a_j for 1i<jk 1 \leq i < j \leq k are pairwise distinct, and among those sums, there are n n consecutive integers.

2. Base case:
Clearly, 1 1 is good. For instance, if we take a1=1 a_1 = 1 and a2=2 a_2 = 2 , then the sum a1+a2=3 a_1 + a_2 = 3 is a single sum, which is trivially consecutive.

3. Inductive step:
Suppose n n is good. This means there exist positive integers a1<a2<<ak a_1 < a_2 < \cdots < a_k such that the sums ai+aj a_i + a_j for 1i<jk 1 \leq i < j \leq k include n n consecutive integers, say t+1,t+2,,t+n t+1, t+2, \ldots, t+n .

4. **Case 1: t+n+1 t+n+1 is among the sums:**
If t+n+1 t+n+1 is already among the sums, then we have n+1 n+1 consecutive integers, and thus n+1 n+1 is good.

5. **Case 2: t+n+1 t+n+1 is not among the sums:**
If t+n+1 t+n+1 is not among the sums, we need to construct a new set of integers a1,a2,,ak+1 a_1', a_2', \ldots, a_{k+1}' such that the sums include t+1,t+2,,t+n+1 t+1, t+2, \ldots, t+n+1 .

Consider the integers:
t+n+1ak+1<a1<a2<<ak<ak+1 t+n+1 - a_{k+1} < a_1 < a_2 < \cdots < a_k < a_{k+1}
where ak+1 a_{k+1} is a sufficiently large positive integer that ensures all sums are pairwise distinct.

6. **Ensuring t+n+1ak+1 t+n+1 - a_{k+1} is positive:**
To ensure t+n+1ak+1 t+n+1 - a_{k+1} is positive, we can add a large integer M M to all ai a_i . This does not affect the pairwise distinctness of the sums but shifts all sums by 2M 2M . Thus, we can always choose M M such that t+n+1ak+1+M>0 t+n+1 - a_{k+1} + M > 0 .

7. Conclusion:
By the inductive step, if n n is good, then n+1 n+1 is good. Since 1 1 is good, by induction, every positive integer is good. Therefore, 1000 1000 is good.

\blacksquare

Source: NuminaMath-1.5, licensed Apache-2.0. Statement and solution reproduced as published; topic, difficulty and ordering added by this site.