Problem 2458

The largest such $m$ is $n$. To show that $m \geq n$, we take $$x_j = \cos \frac{(2n+1-j)\pi}{2n+1} \qquad (j=1,\dots,2n).$$ It is apparent that $-1 < x_1 < \cdots < x_{2n} < 1$. The sum of the lengths of the intervals can be interpreted as $$\begin{align*} & -\sum_{j=1}^{2n} ((-1)^{2n+1-j} x_j)^{2k-1} \\ &= -\sum_{j=1}^{2n} \left(\cos (2n+1-j)\left(\pi + \frac{\pi}{2n+1} \right)\right)^{2k-1} \\ &= -\sum_{j=1}^{2n} \left(\cos \frac{2\pi(n+1)j}{2n+1}\right)^{2k-1}. \end{align*}$$ For $\zeta = e^{2 \pi i (n+1)/(2n+1)}$, this becomes $$\begin{align*} &= -\sum_{j=1}^{2n} \left( \frac{\zeta^j + \zeta^{-j}}{2} \right)^{2k-1} \\ &= -\frac{1}{2^{2k-1}}\sum_{j=1}^{2n} \sum_{l=0}^{2k-1} \binom{2k-1}{l} \zeta^{j(2k-1-2l)} \\ &= -\frac{1}{2^{2k-1}} \sum_{l=0}^{2k-1} \binom{2k-1}{l} (-1) = 1, \end{align*}$$ using the fact that $\zeta^{2k-1-2l}$ is a $\emph{nontrivial}$ root of unity of order dividing $2n+1$. To show that $m \leq n$, we use the following lemma. We say that a multiset $\{x_1,\dots,x_m\}$ of complex numbers is $\emph{inverse-free}$ if there are no two indices $1 \leq i \leq j \leq m$ such that $x_i + x_j = 0$; this implies in particular that 0 does not occur. $\text{}$ Let $\{x_1,\dots,x_m\},\{y_1,\dots,y_n\}$ be two inverse-free multisets of complex numbers such that $$\sum_{i=1}^m x_i^{2k-1} = \sum_{i=1}^n y_i^{2k-1} \qquad (k=1,\dots,\max\{m,n\}).$$ Then these two multisets are equal. $\text{}$ We may assume without loss of generality that $m \leq n$. Form the rational functions $$f(z) = \sum_{i=1}^m \frac{x_i z}{1 - x_i^2 z^2}, \quad g(z) = \sum_{i=1}^n \frac{y_i z}{1 - y_i^2 z^2};$$ both $f(z)$ and $g(z)$ have total pole order at most $2n$. Meanwhile, by expanding in power series around $z=0$, we see that $f(z)-g(z)$ is divisible by $z^{2n+1}$. Consequently, the two series are equal. However, we can uniquely recover the multiset $\{x_1,\dots,x_m\}$ from $f(z)$: $f$ has poles at $\{1/x_1^2,\dots,1/x_m^2\}$ and the residue of the pole at $z = 1/x_i^2$ uniquely determines both $x_i$ (i.e., its sign) and its multiplicity. Similarly, we may recover $\{y_1,\dots,y_n\}$ from $g(z)$, so the two multisets must coincide. $\text{}$ Now suppose by way of contradiction that we have an example showing that $m \geq n+1$. We then have $$1^{2k-1} + \sum_{i=1}^n x_{2i-1}^{2k-1} = \sum_{i=1}^n x_{2i}^{2k-1} \qquad (k=1,\dots,n+1).$$ By the lemma, this means that the multisets $\{1,x_1,x_3,\dots,x_{2n-1}\}$ and $\{x_2,x_4,\dots,x_{2n}\}$ become equal after removing pairs of inverses until this becomes impossible. However, of the resulting two multisets, the first contains 1 and the second does not, yielding the desired contradiction.