Maths Olympiad Prep

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Algebra Difficulty 4.1 AIME Prove it Canada

A sequence is created in such a way that

a real number is chosen as the first number in the sequence,
and
each of the following numbers in the sequence is generated by
applying a function to the previous number in the sequence.

For example, if the first number in a sequence is 1 and the following
numbers are generated by the function x25x^2-5, then the first three numbers in
the sequence are 1,41, -4 and 1111 since $1^2
- 5 = -4and and (-4)^2 - 5 =
11$.

The first number in a sequence is 33 and the sequence is generated by the
function x23x+1x^2-3x+1. What are the
first four numbers in the sequence?
The number 7 is the third number in a
sequence generated by the function x24x+7x^2-4x+7. What are all possible first
numbers in the sequence?
The first number in a sequence is cc and the sequence is generated by the
function x27x48x^2 - 7x - 48. If all
numbers in the sequence are equal to cc, determine all possible values of cc.
A sequence generated by the function
x212x+39x^2 - 12x + 39 alternates between
two different numbers. That is, the sequence is a,b,a,b,a,b,a,b,a,b,a,b,\dots, with aba \neq b. Determine all possible values
of aa.

Solution

If the first number in a sequence is 3 and the sequence is
generated by the function x23x+1x^2-3x+1,
then the second number in the sequence is 323(3)+1=1,3^2-3(3)+1=1, and the third number in
the sequence is 123(1)+1=1,1^2-3(1)+1=-1, and
the fourth number in the sequence is (1)23(1)+1=5.(-1)^2-3(-1)+1=5. The first four numbers
in the sequence are $3, 1, -1,
5$.
Let the first and second numbers in the sequence generated by the
function x24x+7x^2-4x+7 be ff and ss, respectively.

Then, the first three numbers in the sequence are f,s,7f,s,7.

Since the third number in the sequence is 7, then s24s+7=7s^2-4s+7=7.

Solving this equation, we get s24s=0s^2-4s=0 or s(s4)=0s(s-4)=0, which has solutions s=0s=0 and s=4s=4, and so the first three numbers in
the sequence could be f,0,7f,0,7 or
f,4,7f,4,7.

If the second number in the sequence is 0, then f24f+7=0f^2-4f+7=0.

The discriminant of this equation is (4)24(1)(7)=12(-4)^2-4(1)(7)=-12 (less than zero) and
so there are no real solutions.

Thus, there is no first number in this sequence for which the second
number is 0.

If the second number in the sequence is 4, then f24f+7=4f^2-4f+7=4, or f24f+3=0f^2-4f+3=0 and so (f1)(f3)=0(f-1)(f-3)=0, which has solutions f=1f=1 and f=3f=3.

Therefore, if 7 is the third number in a sequence generated by the
function x24x+7x^2-4x+7, then the first
three numbers in the sequence could be 1,4,71,4,7 or 3,4,73,4,7, and so the possible first numbers
in the sequence are 1 and 3.
The first two numbers in the sequence are c,cc,c, and so c27c48=cc^2-7c-48=c.

Solving this equation, we get c28c48=0c^2-8c-48=0 or (c+4)(c12)=0(c+4)(c-12)=0, which has solutions c=4c=-4 and c=12c=12.
The first number in the sequence is aa and the second number is bb, and so a212a+39=b.a^2-12a+39=b. The second number in the
sequence is bb and the third number
is aa, and so b212b+39=a.b^2-12b+39=a. Subtracting the second
equation from the first and simplifying, we get (a212a+39)(b212b+39)=baa2b212a+12b=baa2b211a+11b=0(ab)(a+b)11(ab)=0(ab)(a+b11)=0\begin{align*} (a^2-12a+39)-(b^2-12b+39)&=b-a\\ a^2-b^2-12a+12b&=b-a\\ a^2-b^2-11a+11b&=0\\ (a-b)(a+b)-11(a-b)&=0\\ (a-b)(a+b-11)&=0\end{align*} Since aba\neq b, then ab0a-b\neq 0 and so a+b11=0a+b-11=0 or b=11ab=11-a.

Substituting into the first equation, we get a212a+39=11aa^2-12a+39=11-a or a211a+28=0a^2-11a+28=0. Factoring gives (a4)(a7)=0(a-4)(a-7)=0 and so the possible values
of aa are 4 and 7.

(Note that the two possible sequences are 4,7,4,4,7,4, \dots and 7,4,7,7,4,7,\dots.)

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Source: CEMC, University of Waterloo, licensed CC-BY-NC-4.0. Statement reproduced verbatim; metadata (topic, difficulty) added by this project.