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Combinatorics Difficulty 7.0 National olympiad, round 2 Prove it Ukraine

Mykolka and Andriyko are playing the following game. They write positive integers turn by turn thus forming a sequence a1,a2,...,a2006a_1, a_2, ..., a_{2006} obeying the following restrictions: a1=1a_1 = 1 (this first turn is fixed, and it is made by Mykolka), and anan+13ana_n \le a_{n+1} \le 3a_n for 1n20051 \le n \le 2005. If, after the last turn was made, the sums a1+a2+...+a2004+a2005a_1 + a_2 + ... + a_{2004} + a_{2005} and a1+a2+...+a2005+a2006a_1 + a_2 + ... + a_{2005} + a_{2006} appear to be mutually prime numbers, then the winner is Andriyko, otherwise it is Mykolka. Who of the players can secure his victory whatever way the other one plays?

Solution

Андрійко може забезпечити собі перемогу. Для доведення досить показати, що Андрійко зможе записати число a2006=M1a_{2006} = M - 1, де M=k=12005akM = \sum_{k=1}^{2005} a_k. Очевидно, що M1a2005M - 1 \ge a_{2005}. Доведемо, що Андрійко може забезпечити й виконання нерівності a2006=M13a2005a_{2006} = M - 1 \le 3a_{2005}. Нехай Миколка своїм черговим ходом записує число a2k1a_{2k-1}, тоді Андрійко відповідає записом числа a2k=3a2k1a_{2k} = 3a_{2k-1}, 1k10021 \le k \le 1002. Оскільки a2k+1a2k=3a2k1a_{2k+1} \ge a_{2k} = 3a_{2k-1}, то, додавши нерівності a33a1a_3 \ge 3a_1, a53a3a_5 \ge 3a_3, ..., a20053a2003a_{2005} \ge 3a_{2003}, будемо мати, що a20051+2Aa_{2005} \ge 1 + 2A, де A=a1+a3+...+a2003A = a_1 + a_3 + ... + a_{2003}. Таким чином,

M=a1+3a1+a3+3a3++a2003+3a2003+a2005==4A+a20052(a20051)+a2005=3a20052<3a2005. \begin{aligned} M &= a_1 + 3a_1 + a_3 + 3a_3 + \dots + a_{2003} + 3a_{2003} + a_{2005} = \\ &= 4A + a_{2005} \le 2(a_{2005} - 1) + a_{2005} = 3a_{2005} - 2 < 3a_{2005}. \end{aligned}

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