Maths Olympiad Prep

Library / /10 of 14

Number theory Difficulty 6.7 National olympiad Prove it Greece

Let A=abcd=a103+b102+c10+dA = abcd = a \cdot 10^3 + b \cdot 10^2 + c \cdot 10 + d be a four digit positive integer such that: a7a \ge 7 and a>b>c>d>0a > b > c > d > 0. We consider the positive integer B=dcba=d103+c102+b10+aB = \overline{dcba} = d \cdot 10^3 + c \cdot 10^2 + b \cdot 10 + a. If all digits of A+BA + B are odd, determine all possible values of AA.

Solution

A+B=(a+d)103+(b+c)102+(b+c)10+(a+d). A+B = (a+d) \cdot 10^3 + (b+c) \cdot 10^2 + (b+c) \cdot 10 + (a+d).
All digits of A+BA + B are odd. However, in order to find the digits of A+BA + B we must know if the integers a+da+d and b+cb+c are less than 1010. Hence we have the cases:

(α) Let a+d10a+d \ge 10 and b+c10b+c \ge 10. Then, because a>b>c>d>0a > b > c > d > 0, we have:
a+d=10+k,k=0,1,2,...,5,b+c=10+,=0,1,2,...,5. \begin{aligned} a+d &= 10+k, \quad k = 0,1,2,...,5, \\ b+c &= 10+\ell, \quad \ell = 0,1,2,...,5. \end{aligned}
Hence we have:
A+B=(10+k)103+(10+)102+(10+)10+(10+k)=104+(k+1)103+(+1)102+(+1)10+k, \begin{aligned} A+B &= (10+k) \cdot 10^3 + (10+\ell) \cdot 10^2 + (10+\ell) \cdot 10 + (10+k) \\ &= 10^4 + (k+1) \cdot 10^3 + (\ell+1) \cdot 10^2 + (\ell+1) \cdot 10 + k, \end{aligned}
that is A+BA + B has digits 1,k+1,+1,+1,k1, k+1, \ell+1, \ell+1, k, (all must be odd), absurd.

(β) Let a+d10a+d \ge 10 and b+c<10b+c < 10. Then, since a>b>c>d>0a > b > c > d > 0, we have:
a+d=10+k,k=0,1,2,...,5a+d = 10+k, \quad k = 0,1,2,...,5 and:
A+B=(10+k)103+(b+c)102+(b+c)10+(10+k)=104+k103+(b+c)102+(b+c+1)10+k. \begin{aligned} A+B &= (10+k) \cdot 10^3 + (b+c) \cdot 10^2 + (b+c) \cdot 10 + (10+k) \\ &= 10^4 + k \cdot 10^3 + (b+c) \cdot 10^2 + (b+c+1) \cdot 10 + k. \end{aligned}
Therefore we have the cases:
* If b+c=9b+c=9, then A+BA+B has the digit of decades 00, (absurd)
* If b+c<9b+c < 9, then A+BA+B has as digits the integers b+cb+c and b+c+1b+c+1 which is not possible both to be odd.

(γ) Let a+d<10a+d<10 and b+c10b+c \ge 10. Then, since a>b>c>d>0a>b>c>d>0, we have:
b+c=10+,=0,1,2,...,5b+c=10+\ell, \quad \ell=0,1,2,...,5 and A+BA+B is written
A+B=(a+d)103+(10+)102+(10+)10+(a+d)=(a+d+1)103+(+1)102+10+(a+d), A+B = (a+d) \cdot 10^3 + (10+\ell) \cdot 10^2 + (10+\ell) \cdot 10 + (a+d) \\ = (a+d+1) \cdot 10^3 + (\ell+1) \cdot 10^2 + \ell \cdot 10 + (a+d),
which means that \ell and +1\ell+1 both are odd digits, (absurd)

(δ) Let a+d<10a+d<10 and b+c<10b+c<10. Then a+da+d and b+cb+c, must be odd. Since a>b>c>d>0a>b>c>d>0 and a7a \ge 7, it follows that a+d=9a+d=9 and since 5c25 \ge c \ge 2, 6b36 \ge b \ge 3, it follows 10>b+c510>b+c \ge 5, i.e. b+c{5,7,9}b+c \in \{5,7,9\}
Therefore we have the cases:
a+d=9a+d=9 with a=8,d=1a=8, d=1 and b+c=9b+c=9 with b=7,c=2b=7, c=2 or b=6,c=3b=6, c=3 or b=5,c=4b=5, c=4
Hence: A=8721A = 8721 or A=8631A = 8631 or A=8541A = 8541.
a+d=9a+d=9 with a=7,d=2a=7, d=2 and b+c=9,b=6,c=3b+c=9, b=6, c=3 or b=5,c=4b=5, c=4.
Hence: A=7632A = 7632 or A=7542A = 7542
a+d=9a+d=9 with a=8,d=1a=8, d=1 and b+c=7b+c=7 with b=5,c=2b=5, c=2 or b=4,c=3b=4, c=3.
Hence: A=8521A = 8521 or A=8431A = 8431.
a+d=9a+d=9 with a=7,d=2a=7, d=2 and b+c=7b+c=7 with b=4,c=3b=4, c=3.
Hence: A=7432A = 7432.
a+d=9a+d=9 with a=8,d=1a=8, d=1 and b+c=5b+c=5 with b=3,c=2b=3, c=2.
Hence: A=8321A = 8321.

Want a route through all this instead of an archive? The track puts 2,000 problems in a working order, from AMC 10 level to the IMO shortlist.

Source: MathNet, licensed CC-BY-4.0. Statement and solution reproduced as published; topic and difficulty added by this site.