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Fall Mathematical Competition

Combinatorics Difficulty 6.3 National Olympiad Prove it Bulgaria

There are 1000 cities A1,A2,…,A1000A_1, A_2, \dots, A_{1000} in a country and some of them are connected by airlines. It is known that the ii-th city is connected to did_i other cities, where d1≤d2≤⋯≤d1000d_1 \le d_2 \le \dots \le d_{1000} and dj≥j+1d_j \ge j + 1 for every j=1,2,…,999−d999j = 1, 2, \dots, 999 - d_{999}. Prove that if the airport of a city is closed, it will be still possible to connect any two other cities.

Solution

Denote the non-closed airports with B1,…,B999B_1, \dots, B_{999} where Bi=AiB_i = A_i for i=1,…,k−1i = 1, \dots, k-1 and Bi=Ai+1B_i = A_{i+1} for i=k+1,…,1000i = k+1, \dots, 1000. Denote the number of the airlines from BiB_i by di′d'_i. It is clear that di′≥di−1d'_i \ge d_i - 1 for every i=1,…,999i = 1, \dots, 999. We can assume without loss of generality that d1′≤d2′≤⋯≤d999′d'_1 \le d'_2 \le \dots \le d'_{999}.
Let XX be the set of cities which can be reached from B999B_{999} (after closing AkA_k). It is obvious that x=∣X∣≥d999′+1≥d999x = |X| \ge d'_{999} + 1 \ge d_{999}. Let us assume that there exist cities which can not be reached from B999B_{999} (otherwise we are done). Denote the set of such cities by YY and let BuB_u be the city of largest index in YY. Since 999−x≤999−d999999 - x \le 999 - d_{999} we have
du′≥d999−x′≥d999−x−1≥(999−x+1)−1=999−x, d'_{u} \ge d'_{999-x} \ge d_{999-x} - 1 \ge (999 - x + 1) - 1 = 999 - x,
i.e. ∣Y∣≥1000−x|Y| \ge 1000 - x. Then we have
∣X∩Y∣=∣X∣+∣Y∣−∣X∪Y∣≥x+(1000−x)−999≥1, |X \cap Y| = |X| + |Y| - |X \cup Y| \ge x + (1000 - x) - 999 \ge 1,
a contradiction.

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