Maths Olympiad Prep

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, 2015

Combinatorics Difficulty 6.3 National olympiad Prove it Argentina

Let NN denote the number of ordered 9-tuples (x1,x2,,x9)(x_1, x_2, \dots, x_9) of positive integers such that
1x1+1x2++1x9=1. \frac{1}{x_1} + \frac{1}{x_2} + \dots + \frac{1}{x_9} = 1.
Decide if NN is even or odd. Justify your answer.

Solution

There are an even number of solutions (x1,x2,,x9)(x_1, x_2, \dots, x_9) in which x1x2x_1 \neq x_2. Indeed they can be divided into pairs such that the two solutions in a pair are obtained from one another by swapping x1x_1 and x2x_2. Hence, so far as the parity of NN is concerned, one may assume x1=x2x_1 = x_2. Likewise there are an even number of solutions satisfying x1=x2x_1 = x_2 and x3x4x_3 \neq x_4; they can be divided into pairs such that the solutions in a pair are obtained from one another by swapping x3x_3 and x4x_4. So assume furthermore that x1=x2x_1 = x_2 and x3=x4x_3 = x_4. Solutions with this properties such that x1x3x_1 \neq x_3 can be divided into pairs again; the two solutions in a pair can be obtained from one another by swapping x1x_1 with x3x_3 and x2x_2 with x4x_4.

In summary we may restrict attention to solutions with x1=x2=x3=x4x_1 = x_2 = x_3 = x_4. For them one can apply exactly the same reasoning to x5,x6,x7,x8x_5, x_6, x_7, x_8; everything in the previous paragraph holds if the indices are increased by 4. So we need to determine the parity of the number of solutions of the form (u,u,u,u,v,v,v,v,x9)(u, u, u, u, v, v, v, v, x_9). The ones among them with uvu \neq v can be divided into pairs again, the solutions in a pair being (u,u,u,u,v,v,v,v,x9)(u, u, u, u, v, v, v, v, x_9) and (v,v,v,v,u,u,u,u,x9)(v, v, v, v, u, u, u, u, x_9).
Thus finally the question reduces to the parity of the number of solutions with x1=x2==x8x_1 = x_2 = \dots = x_8. In this case, denoting
x1=x2==x8=a, x9=b, we obtain the equation 8a+1b=1. x_1 = x_2 = \dots = x_8 = a,\ x_9 = b, \text{ we obtain the equation } \frac{8}{a} + \frac{1}{b} = 1.
Equivalently 8b+a=ab8b+a=ab, (a8)(b1)=8(a-8)(b-1)=8. Clearly b2b \ge 2, hence b1b-1 is a positive divisor of 8. The possibilities b1=1,2,4,8b-1=1, 2, 4, 8 yield respectively
a=16, b=2; a=12, b=3; a=10, b=5; a=9, b=9. a=16,\ b=2;\ a=12,\ b=3;\ a=10,\ b=5;\ a=9,\ b=9.
All 4 of these lead to solutions of the initial equation, and the solutions are distinct. Since NN has the parity of 4, it follows that it is even.

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