Let denote the number of ordered 9-tuples of positive integers such that
Decide if is even or odd. Justify your answer.
, 2015
Solution
There are an even number of solutions in which . Indeed they can be divided into pairs such that the two solutions in a pair are obtained from one another by swapping and . Hence, so far as the parity of is concerned, one may assume . Likewise there are an even number of solutions satisfying and ; they can be divided into pairs such that the solutions in a pair are obtained from one another by swapping and . So assume furthermore that and . Solutions with this properties such that can be divided into pairs again; the two solutions in a pair can be obtained from one another by swapping with and with .
In summary we may restrict attention to solutions with . For them one can apply exactly the same reasoning to ; everything in the previous paragraph holds if the indices are increased by 4. So we need to determine the parity of the number of solutions of the form . The ones among them with can be divided into pairs again, the solutions in a pair being and .
Thus finally the question reduces to the parity of the number of solutions with . In this case, denoting
Equivalently , . Clearly , hence is a positive divisor of 8. The possibilities yield respectively
All 4 of these lead to solutions of the initial equation, and the solutions are distinct. Since has the parity of 4, it follows that it is even.