Maths Olympiad Prep

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Combinatorics Difficulty 5.6 AIME, harder Prove it United States

Problem:

For this problem, our lawn is an m×nm \times n rectangular grid of clumps, that is, with mm rows running east-west and nn columns running north-south. To be even more explicit, we might say our clumps are at the lattice points
{(x,y)Z20x<n and 0y<m} \left\{(x, y) \in \mathbb{Z}^2 \mid 0 \leq x < n \text{ and } 0 \leq y < m \right\}
However, mobots are now allowed to be oriented to go either north or east only. So one allowable formation for m=2,n=3m=2, n=3 might be as follows:
. \begin{array}{lll} \cdot & \rightarrow \\ \uparrow & \rightarrow & . \end{array}
Prove that the number of allowable formations for given mm and nn is (m+n)!m!n!\frac{(m+n)!}{m!n!}.

Solution

Solution:

There is a one-to-one correspondence between allowable formations and paths from (0,0)(0,0) to (n,m)(n, m) made up of nn moves 1 unit to the right and mm moves 1 unit up. The correspondence works as follows: There must be a mobot at (0,0)(0,0), so start the path there. If that mobot is oriented to move up, then move to the right; if that mobot is oriented to move to the right, then move up. In doing so, you will meet another mobot, upon which you can repeat the above process, until you leave the lawn. Once you leave the lawn, there will be only one way to proceed to (n,m)(n, m): either keep going right, or keep going up. (For the example in the problem, our path would be (0,0)(1,0)(1,1)(1,2)(2,2)(3,2)(0,0)-(1,0)-(1,1)-(1,2)-(2,2)-(3,2).)

Conversely, given any path from (0,0)(0,0) to (n,m)(n, m), we can derive back a mobot formation: place a mobot at every lattice point of the lawn that the path touches, and don't orient that mobot in the same direction as the path takes when leaving that point.

It is easy to check that this is indeed a one-to-one correspondence as claimed. Every path from (0,0)(0,0) to (n,m)(n, m) consists of nn moves to the right and mm moves up done in an arbitrary order, and there are precisely (m+nm)=(m+n)!m!n!\binom{m+n}{m}=\frac{(m+n)!}{m!n!} orders.

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Source: MathNet, licensed CC-BY-4.0. Statement reproduced verbatim; metadata (topic, difficulty) added by this project.