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Number theory Difficulty 5.4 AIME, harder Prove it Saudi Arabia

Suppose that a,b,c,da, b, c, d are pairwise distinct positive integers such that a+b=c+d=pa+b=c+d=p for some odd prime p>3p>3. Prove that abcda b c d is not a perfect square.

Solution

Suppose that abcd=n2a b c d = n^{2} for some nZ+n \in \mathbb{Z}^{+}. We can suppose that a<c<d<ba < c < d < b. From this, we have bd+acadbc=(ba)(dc)>0b d + a c - a d - b c = (b - a)(d - c) > 0, thus
ad+bc<12(ad+bc+bd+ac)=(a+b)(c+d)2=p22. a d + b c < \frac{1}{2}(a d + b c + b d + a c) = \frac{(a + b)(c + d)}{2} = \frac{p^{2}}{2} .
Denote gcd(ad,bc)=kZ+\gcd(a d, b c) = k \in \mathbb{Z}^{+} then ad=ku2a d = k u^{2}, bc=kv2b c = k v^{2} with u,vZ+u, v \in \mathbb{Z}^{+}, and u<vu < v, gcd(u,v)=1\gcd(u, v) = 1. Since a,b,c,da, b, c, d are coprime to pp then gcd(k,p)=1\gcd(k, p) = 1. We have
k(v2u2)=bcad=(pa)ca(pc)=p(ca). k\left(v^{2} - u^{2}\right) = b c - a d = (p - a) c - a(p - c) = p(c - a) .
So pv2u2p \mid v^{2} - u^{2} since gcd(k,p)=1\gcd(k, p) = 1. Hence, pvup \mid v - u or pv+up \mid v + u. In both cases, we always have u+vpu + v \geq p. From this, we can conclude that
ad+bc=k(u2+v2)>k(u+v)22p22 a d + b c = k\left(u^{2} + v^{2}\right) > k \frac{(u + v)^{2}}{2} \geq \frac{p^{2}}{2}
by AM-GM inequality. But this contradicts the inequality we stated above, then abcda b c d cannot be a perfect square.

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