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Slovenian Mathematical Olympiad, 2008

Algebra Difficulty 5.5 AIME, harder Prove it Slovenia

For what positive integers n>1n > 1 does the expression
log⁡102⋅log⁡103⋯log⁡10n10n−1 \frac{\log_{10} 2 \cdot \log_{10} 3 \cdots \log_{10} n}{10^{n-1}}
attain the smallest possible value? Find this value.

Solution

Let us compare the expressions log⁡102log⁡103⋯log⁡10(n−1)10n−2\frac{\log_{10} 2 \log_{10} 3 \cdots \log_{10} (n-1)}{10^{n-2}} and log⁡102log⁡103⋯log⁡10n10n−1\frac{\log_{10} 2 \log_{10} 3 \cdots \log_{10} n}{10^{n-1}}. The inequality
log⁡102log⁡103⋯log⁡10(n−1)10n−2≥log⁡102log⁡103⋯log⁡10n10n−1 \frac{\log_{10} 2 \log_{10} 3 \cdots \log_{10} (n-1)}{10^{n-2}} \ge \frac{\log_{10} 2 \log_{10} 3 \cdots \log_{10} n}{10^{n-1}}
holds if and only if 1≥110log⁡10n=log⁡10n101 \ge \frac{1}{10} \log_{10} n = \log_{10} \sqrt[10]{n}, which is equivalent to 10≥n1010 \ge \sqrt[10]{n} and 1010≥n10^{10} \ge n. This implies
log⁡10210>log⁡102⋅log⁡103102>⋯>log⁡102⋅log⁡103⋯log⁡10(1010−1)101010−2=log⁡102⋅log⁡103⋯log⁡10(1010)101010−1 \begin{aligned} \frac{\log_{10} 2}{10} &> \frac{\log_{10} 2 \cdot \log_{10} 3}{10^2} > \dots > \frac{\log_{10} 2 \cdot \log_{10} 3 \cdots \log_{10} (10^{10} - 1)}{10^{10^{10}-2}} \\ &= \frac{\log_{10} 2 \cdot \log_{10} 3 \cdots \log_{10} (10^{10})}{10^{10^{10}-1}} \end{aligned}
and
log⁡102⋅log⁡103⋯log⁡10(1010)101010−1<log⁡102⋅log⁡103⋯log⁡10(1010+1)101010<log⁡102⋅log⁡103⋯log⁡10(1010+2)101010+1<… \begin{aligned} \frac{\log_{10} 2 \cdot \log_{10} 3 \cdots \log_{10} (10^{10})}{10^{10^{10}-1}} < & \frac{\log_{10} 2 \cdot \log_{10} 3 \cdots \log_{10} (10^{10} + 1)}{10^{10^{10}}} \\ < & \frac{\log_{10} 2 \cdot \log_{10} 3 \cdots \log_{10} (10^{10} + 2)}{10^{10^{10}+1}} < \dots \end{aligned}
So, the expression log⁡102log⁡103⋯log⁡10n10n−1\frac{\log_{10} 2 \log_{10} 3 \cdots \log_{10} n}{10^{n-1}} has the smallest possible value when n=1010−1n = 10^{10} - 1 or n=1010n = 10^{10}. For these two values of nn the value of the expression is
log⁡102log⁡103⋯log⁡101010101010−1 \frac{\log_{10} 2 \log_{10} 3 \cdots \log_{10} 10^{10}}{10^{10^{10}-1}}

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