Maths Olympiad Prep

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Geometry Difficulty 5.1 AIME, harder Prove it United States

Problem:

Let ABCDABCD be a tetrahedron such that edges ABAB, ACAC, and ADAD are mutually perpendicular. Let the areas of triangles ABCABC, ACDACD, and ADBADB be denoted by xx, yy, and zz, respectively. In terms of xx, yy, and zz, find the area of triangle BCDBCD.

Solution

Solution:

x2+y2+z2\sqrt{x^{2}+y^{2}+z^{2}}

Place AA, BB, CC, and DD at (0,0,0)(0,0,0), (b,0,0)(b, 0,0), (0,c,0)(0, c, 0), and (0,0,d)(0,0, d) in Cartesian coordinate space, with bb, cc, and dd positive. Then the plane through BB, CC, and DD is given by the equation xb+yc+zd=1\frac{x}{b}+\frac{y}{c}+\frac{z}{d}=1. The distance from the origin to this plane is then

11b2+1c2+1d2=bcdb2c2+c2d2+d2b2=bcd2x2+y2+z2 \frac{1}{\sqrt{\frac{1}{b^{2}}+\frac{1}{c^{2}}+\frac{1}{d^{2}}}}=\frac{b c d}{\sqrt{b^{2} c^{2}+c^{2} d^{2}+d^{2} b^{2}}}=\frac{b c d}{2 \sqrt{x^{2}+y^{2}+z^{2}}}

Then if the area of BCDBCD is KK, the volume of the tetrahedron is
bcd6=bcdK6x2+y2+z2 \frac{b c d}{6}=\frac{b c d K}{6 \sqrt{x^{2}+y^{2}+z^{2}}}
implying K=x2+y2+z2K=\sqrt{x^{2}+y^{2}+z^{2}}.

Alternative Solution: The area of BCDBCD is also half the length of the cross product of the vectors BC=(0,c,d)\overrightarrow{BC}=(0,-c, d) and BD=(b,0,d)\overrightarrow{BD}=(-b, 0, d). This cross product is (cd,db,bc)=2(y,z,x)(-c d,-d b,-b c)=-2(y, z, x), which has length 2x2+y2+z22 \sqrt{x^{2}+y^{2}+z^{2}}. Thus the area of BCDBCD is x2+y2+z2\sqrt{x^{2}+y^{2}+z^{2}}.

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Source: MathNet, licensed CC-BY-4.0. Statement reproduced verbatim; metadata (topic, difficulty) added by this project.