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Russian Mathematical Olympiad

Algebra Difficulty 4.9 AIME Prove it Russia

A number xx is chosen so that each of the sums S=sin⁡64x+sin⁡65xS = \sin 64x + \sin 65x and C=cos⁡64x+cos⁡65xC = \cos 64x + \cos 65x is a rational number. Prove that in one of these sums, both summands are rational.

Solutions — 2

Solution 1

Since S2+C2=2+2cos⁡x∈QS^2 + C^2 = 2 + 2 \cos x \in \mathbb{Q}, we have cos⁡x∈Q\cos x \in \mathbb{Q} and hence cos⁡64x∈Q\cos 64x \in \mathbb{Q}.

Solution 2

Заметим, что число
S2+C2=(sin⁡264x+cos⁡264x)+(sin⁡265x+cos⁡265x)++2(sin⁡64xsin⁡65x+cos⁡64xcos⁡65x)==2+2cos⁡(65x−64x)=2+2cos⁡x \begin{aligned} S^2 + C^2 &= (\sin^2 64x + \cos^2 64x) + (\sin^2 65x + \cos^2 65x) + \\ &\quad + 2(\sin 64x \sin 65x + \cos 64x \cos 65x) = \\ &= 2 + 2 \cos(65x - 64x) = 2 + 2 \cos x \end{aligned}
рационально, сткуда cos⁡x\cos x — также рациональное число. Ввиду формулы cos⁡2α=2cos⁡2α−1\cos 2\alpha = 2 \cos^2 \alpha - 1, все числа вида cos⁡2kx\cos 2^k x также рациональны — в частности, cos⁡64x\cos 64x. Поскольку CC рационально, то и второе слагаемое в этой сумме также рационально.

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