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Number theory Difficulty 6.0 National olympiad Prove it Estonia

In the mathematics circle, Juku raised a hypothesis that, for every integer n>4n > 4, at least one out of the two largest integers that are less than n2\frac{n}{2} is relatively prime to nn. Is Juku's hypothesis valid?

Solution

If nn is odd then the largest integer that is less than n2\frac{n}{2} is n12\frac{n-1}{2}. Let dd be a common divisor of numbers n12\frac{n-1}{2} and nn. Then dd is a common divisor of numbers n1n-1 and nn, implying that d=1d = 1. Hence n12\frac{n-1}{2} and nn are relatively prime, meaning that the hypothesis holds in the case of odd numbers.

If nn is even then the two largest integers that are less than n2\frac{n}{2} are n21\frac{n}{2} - 1 and n22\frac{n}{2} - 2. Let d1d_1 be a common divisor of numbers n21\frac{n}{2} - 1 and nn, and let d2d_2 be a common divisor of numbers n22\frac{n}{2} - 2 and nn. Then d1d_1 is a common divisor of numbers n2n-2 and nn, and d2d_2 is a common divisor of numbers n4n-4 and nn. Hence d1d_1 divides 2, i.e., is either 1 or 2, and d2d_2 divides 4, i.e., is either 1 or 2 or 4. If d1d_1 and d2d_2 were both larger than 1, they both should be even, whence their multiples n21\frac{n}{2} - 1 and n22\frac{n}{2} - 2 should be even. This is impossible, since n21\frac{n}{2} - 1 and n22\frac{n}{2} - 2 are consecutive integers. The contradiction shows that at least one of the divisors d1d_1 and d2d_2 equals 1. Thus one of n21\frac{n}{2} - 1 and n22\frac{n}{2} - 2 is relatively prime to nn, meaning that the hypothesis holds in the case of even numbers, too.

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