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Algebra Difficulty 4.8 AIME Prove it United States

Problem:

Given an n×nn \times n matrix whose entries aija_{i j} satisfy aij=1i+j1a_{i j} = \frac{1}{i + j - 1}, nn numbers are chosen from the matrix no two of which are from the same row or the same column. Prove that the sum of these nn numbers is at least 11.

Solution

Solution:

Suppose that aija_{i j} and akla_{k l} are among the chosen numbers and suppose that i<ki < k and j<lj < l. It is straightforward to show that aij+aklail+akja_{i j} + a_{k l} \geqslant a_{i l} + a_{k j}. Hence, whenever aija_{i j} and akla_{k l} with i<ki < k and j<lj < l are among chosen numbers, we can lower the sum by replacing these two numbers with aila_{i l} and akja_{k j}. Hence the smallest possible sum is when we choose a1n,a2,n1,,an1a_{1 n}, a_{2, n-1}, \ldots, a_{n 1}—and in that case the sum is 11.

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Source: MathNet, licensed CC-BY-4.0. Statement reproduced verbatim; metadata (topic, difficulty) added by this project.