Maths Olympiad Prep

Library / /2 of 4

Geometry Difficulty 5.7 AIME, harder Prove it Switzerland

Problem:

We are given nn distinct rectangles in the plane. Prove that between the 4n4 n interior right angles formed by these rectangles at least 4n4 \sqrt{n} are distinct.

Solution

Solution:

First of all, let's make the whole picture easier to handle: We can split the rectangles into groups such that in each group, all sides of rectangles are parallel or perpendicular to each other. We also choose these groups to be maximal, in particular: For any two rectangles of different groups, they don't have parallel sides. We observe that this way, no two right angles of different groups can be the same, so we may count the right angles in each group and sum it up in the end. Say there are kk different groups and denote the number of rectangles in the ii-th group by nin_{i}. We can choose a coordinate system that has axes parallel to the rectangles in the ii-th group and from now on only consider rectangles in this group.

We can now introduce the following variables:
- AiA_{i} : number of distinct right angles that form a top left corner
- BiB_{i} : number of distinct right angles that form a top right corner
- CiC_{i} : number of distinct right angles that form a bottom left corner
- DiD_{i} : number of distinct right angles that form a bottom right corner

Since every rectangle in the ii-th group is uniquely determined by one top left and one bottom right corner and for any two distinct rectangles, the combination of top left and bottom right corner must be different, we get the estimation
AiDini A_{i} \cdot D_{i} \geq n_{i}
The same argument for top right corners and bottom left corners yields
BiCini B_{i} \cdot C_{i} \geq n_{i}
Now, by applying AM-GM to both expressions on the left hand sides, we get
(Ai+Di2)2AiDiniAi+Di2ni(Bi+Ci2)2CiBiniBi+Ci2niAi+Bi+Ci+Di4ni \begin{gathered} \left(\frac{A_{i}+D_{i}}{2}\right)^{2} \geq A_{i} \cdot D_{i} \geq n_{i} \Rightarrow A_{i}+D_{i} \geq 2 \sqrt{n_{i}} \\ \left(\frac{B_{i}+C_{i}}{2}\right)^{2} \geq C_{i} \cdot B_{i} \geq n_{i} \Rightarrow B_{i}+C_{i} \geq 2 \sqrt{n_{i}} \\ \Rightarrow A_{i}+B_{i}+C_{i}+D_{i} \geq 4 \sqrt{n_{i}} \end{gathered}
In other words, the number of distinct right angles in the ii-th group is greater or equal than 4ni4 \sqrt{n_{i}}. Summing over all groups, we get the inequality:
i=1k(Ai+Bi+Ci+Di)i=1k4ni \sum_{i=1}^{k}\left(A_{i}+B_{i}+C_{i}+D_{i}\right) \geq \sum_{i=1}^{k} 4 \sqrt{n_{i}}
On the left hand side, we have the total number of distinct right angles. So it remains to show i=1k4ni4n\sum_{i=1}^{k} 4 \sqrt{n_{i}} \geq 4 \sqrt{n}, which is obvious by
(i=1kni)2i=1kni2=i=1kni=n \left(\sum_{i=1}^{k} \sqrt{n_{i}}\right)^{2} \geq \sum_{i=1}^{k}{\sqrt{n_{i}}}^{2}=\sum_{i=1}^{k} n_{i}=n

Want a route through all this instead of an archive? The track puts 2,000 problems in a working order, from AMC 10 level to the IMO shortlist.

Source: MathNet, licensed CC-BY-4.0. Statement reproduced verbatim; metadata (topic, difficulty) added by this project.