Maths Olympiad Prep

Library / /19 of 20

Geometry Difficulty 7.6 National olympiad, round 2 Prove it North Macedonia

An arbitrary triangle ABCABC is given together with two lines pp and qq which are not parallel to each other and are not perpendicular to any of the sides of the triangle. We denote the perpendiculars through AA, BB and CC to the line pp by pAp_A, pBp_B and pCp_C respectively, and the perpendiculars to qq by qAq_A, qBq_B and qCq_C respectively. Let us denote the points of intersection of the lines pAp_A, qAq_A, pBp_B, qBq_B, pCp_C and qCq_C with qBq_B, pBp_B, qCq_C, pCp_C, qAq_A and pAp_A respectively by KK, LL, PP, QQ, NN and MM. Prove that the lines KLKL, MNMN and PQPQ intersect at one point.

Solution

Without loss of generality we can assume that pBp_B is between pAp_A and pCp_C. The first case is if qAq_A is between qBq_B and qCq_C as shown in the picture, obviously KLKL intersects PNPN. Analogously, if qCq_C is between qAq_A and qBq_B the case is symmetrical to the one we are considering. The second case, if qBq_B is between qAq_A and qCq_C, then MQMQ and PNPN are not parallel, so KLKL intersects at least one of them and the two cases are equivalent. According to this we can assume that KLKL intersects PNPN. The line MNMN cannot be parallel to pBp_B, since in that case pp is perpendicular to ACAC and analogously PQPQ is not parallel to qAq_A.

Let XX, YY and ZZ be the points of intersection of the lines PNPN, qAq_A and pBp_B with KLKL, PQPQ and MNMN respectively. From the similarity of the triangles LNZLNZ and PMZPMZ we get
LZPZ=LNPM(1) \frac{LZ}{PZ} = \frac{LN}{PM} \quad (1)
Similarly from the similarity of LPYLPY and NQYNQY we get
NQLY=NQLP(2) \frac{NQ}{LY} = \frac{NQ}{LP} \quad (2)
If KLKL does not pass through CC, let it intersect NCNC and MCMC in UU and VV respectively. From the triangle CPNCPN and Menelaus' theorem for the line KLKL we get
PXXN=NUUC=CVVP=1, i.e. \frac{PX}{XN} = \frac{NU}{UC} = \frac{CV}{VP} = -1, \text{ i.e.}
PXNX=UCNU=VPCV(3). \frac{PX}{NX} = \frac{UC}{NU} = \frac{VP}{CV} \quad (3).
From the similarity of the triangles KQUKQU and LNULNU we get UQUN=KQLN\frac{UQ}{UN} = \frac{KQ}{LN}, from where
1+NQUN=1+KBLN, so UN=LNNQKB and UC=UN+NC=LNNQ+NCKBKB and from here 1 + \frac{NQ}{UN} = 1 + \frac{KB}{LN}, \text{ so } \overline{UN} = \frac{\overline{LN NQ}}{KB} \text{ and } \overline{UC} = \overline{UN} + \overline{NC} = \frac{\overline{LN NQ} + \overline{NC KB}}{KB} \text{ and from here}
LNNQNU=KBLNNQ+NCKB=LNNQLNNQ+NCKB(4) \frac{\overline{LN NQ}}{\overline{NU}} = \frac{\overline{KB}}{\overline{LN NQ} + \overline{NC KB}} = \frac{-\overline{LN NQ}}{\overline{LN NQ} + \overline{NC KB}} \quad (4)
Analogously, for the similar triangles KMVKMV and LPVLPV we get
CVVP=LPPM+PCKALPPM(5) \frac{CV}{VP} = \frac{LPPM + PCKA}{-LPPM} \quad (5)
If we substitute (4) and (5) in (3) we get:
PXNX=UCNU=VPCV=LNNQ+NCKBLNNQ=LPPMLPPM+PCKA=LNNQ+NCKBLPPM+PCKA=LPPMLNNQ=LPPMLNNQ(6) \frac{PX}{NX} = \frac{UC}{NU} = \frac{VP}{CV} = \frac{LN NQ + NC KB}{-LN NQ} = \frac{-LPPM}{LPPM + PCKA} = \frac{LN NQ + NC KB}{LPPM + PCKA} = \frac{LPPM}{LN NQ} = \frac{LPPM}{LN NQ} \quad (6)

If we now substitute (1), (2) and (6) in Ceva's equality for the triangle LNPLNP and the lines LKLK, NMNM and PQPQ we get:
LZPZPXNXNYLY=LNPMNQLPLPNMPMNQ=1 \frac{\overline{LZ}}{\overline{PZ}} \frac{\overline{PX}}{\overline{NX}} \frac{\overline{NY}}{\overline{LY}} = \frac{\overline{LN}}{\overline{PM}} \frac{\overline{NQ}}{\overline{LP}} - \frac{\overline{LP}}{\overline{NM}} \frac{\overline{PM}}{\overline{NQ}} = -1
If KLKL passes through CC, then XX is the midpoint of PNPN and
LNBK=NCLB \frac{\overline{LN}}{\overline{BK}} = \frac{\overline{NC}}{\overline{LB}}
(7)
If we now substitute (1), (2) and (7) in Ceva's equality for the triangle LNPLNP and the lines LKLK, NMNM and PQPQ we get:
LZPZPXNXNYLY=LNPMNQLP=NCLBNQLP=1 \frac{\overline{LZ}}{\overline{PZ}} \frac{\overline{PX}}{\overline{NX}} \frac{\overline{NY}}{\overline{LY}} = -\frac{\overline{LN}}{\overline{PM}} \frac{\overline{NQ}}{\overline{LP}} = -\frac{\overline{NC}}{\overline{LB}} \frac{\overline{NQ}}{\overline{LP}} = -1
From the converse of Ceva's theorem, the lines KLKL, MNMN and PQPQ intersect in one point or are parallel. Without loss of generality we can assume that pBp_B is between pAp_A and pCp_C. If qBq_B is not between qAq_A and qCq_C as shown in the picture it is obvious that the lines cannot be parallel. If qBq_B is between qAq_A and qCq_C, then in order for the lines to be parallel it is required that AKAM=ALAN\frac{\overline{AK}}{\overline{AM}} = \frac{\overline{AL}}{\overline{AN}}, but then AKAM=ALAN=KBMC\frac{\overline{AK}}{\overline{AM}} = \frac{\overline{AL}}{\overline{AN}} = \frac{\overline{KB}}{\overline{MC}}, therefore ABAB is parallel to ACAC, which is impossible since ABCABC is a triangle.

Want a route through all this instead of an archive? The track puts 2,000 problems in a working order, from AMC 10 level to the IMO shortlist.

Source: MathNet, licensed CC-BY-4.0. Statement and solution reproduced as published; topic and difficulty added by this site.