Maths Olympiad Prep

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, 2015

Number theory Difficulty 4.5 AIME Find the answer United States

Problem:
Find any quadruple of positive integers (a,b,c,d)(a, b, c, d) satisfying a3+b4+c5=d11a^{3} + b^{4} + c^{5} = d^{11} and abc<105a b c < 10^{5}.

A number or a short expression. Fractions can be typed as 3/2, and spacing doesn't matter.

Solution

Solution:
It's easy to guess that there are solutions such that a,b,c,da, b, c, d are in the form of nxn^{x}, where nn is a rather small number. After a few attempts, we can see that we obtain simple equations when n=2n=2 or n=3n=3: for n=2n=2, the equation becomes in the form of 2t+2t+2t+1=2t+22^{t} + 2^{t} + 2^{t+1} = 2^{t+2} for some non-negative integer tt; for n=3n=3, the equation becomes in the form of 3t+3t+3t=3t+13^{t} + 3^{t} + 3^{t} = 3^{t+1} for some non-negative integer tt.

In the first case, we hope that tt is a multiple of two of 3,4,53, 4, 5, that t+1t+1 is a multiple of the last one, and that t+2t+2 is a multiple of 1111. Therefore, t15,20,24(mod60)t \equiv 15, 20, 24 \pmod{60} and t9(mod11)t \equiv 9 \pmod{11}. It's easy to check that the only solution that satisfies the given inequality is the solution with t=20t=20, and (a,b,c,d)=(128,32,16,4)(a, b, c, d) = (128, 32, 16, 4).

In the case where n=3n=3, we must have that tt is a multiple of 6060, which obviously doesn't satisfy the inequality restriction.

Remark: By programming, we find that the only two solutions are (a,b,c,d)=(128,32,16,4)(a, b, c, d) = (128, 32, 16, 4) and (a,b,c,d)=(160,16,8,4)(a, b, c, d) = (160, 16, 8, 4), with the former being the intended solution.

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Source: MathNet, licensed CC-BY-4.0. Statement reproduced verbatim; metadata (topic, difficulty) added by this project.