IMO Shortlist, 2006

We will prove by induction on $d$ that, for every positive integer $N$, there exist positive integers $b_{0}, b_{1}, \ldots, b_{d-1}$ such that, for each $i=0,1,2, \ldots, d-1$, we have $b_{i}>N$ and
$$2^{b_{i}}+b_{i} \equiv i \quad(\bmod d) .$$
This yields the claim for $m=b_{0}$.

The base case $d=1$ is trivial. Take an $a>1$ and assume that the statement holds for all $d<a$. Note that the remainders of $2^{i}$ modulo $a$ repeat periodically starting with some exponent $M$. Let $k$ be the length of the period; this means that $2^{M+k'} \equiv 2^{M}(\bmod a)$ holds only for those $k'$ which are multiples of $k$. Note further that the period cannot contain all the $a$ remainders, since $0$ either is missing or is the only number in the period. Thus $k<a$.

Let $d=\operatorname{gcd}(a, k)$ and let $a'=a / d, k'=k / d$. Since $0<k<a$, we also have $0<d<a$. By the induction hypothesis, there exist positive integers $b_{0}, b_{1}, \ldots, b_{d-1}$ such that $b_{i}>\max \left(2^{M}, N\right)$ and
$$\begin{equation*} 2^{b_{i}}+b_{i} \equiv i \quad(\bmod d) \quad \text{ for } \quad i=0,1,2, \ldots, d-1 . \tag{1} \end{equation*}$$
For each $i=0,1, \ldots, d-1$ consider the sequence
$$\begin{equation*} 2^{b_{i}}+b_{i}, \quad 2^{b_{i}+k}+\left(b_{i}+k\right), \ldots, \quad 2^{b_{i}+\left(a'-1\right) k}+\left(b_{i}+\left(a'-1\right) k\right) . \tag{2} \end{equation*}$$
Modulo $a$, these numbers are congruent to
$$2^{b_{i}}+b_{i}, \quad 2^{b_{i}}+\left(b_{i}+k\right), \quad \ldots, \quad 2^{b_{i}}+\left(b_{i}+\left(a'-1\right) k\right),$$
respectively. The $d$ sequences contain $a' d=a$ numbers altogether. We shall now prove that no two of these numbers are congruent modulo $a$.

Suppose that
$$\begin{equation*} 2^{b_{i}}+\left(b_{i}+m k\right) \equiv 2^{b_{j}}+\left(b_{j}+n k\right)(\bmod a) \tag{3} \end{equation*}$$
for some values of $i, j \in\{0,1, \ldots, d-1\}$ and $m, n \in\left\{0,1, \ldots, a'-1\right\}$. Since $d$ is a divisor of $a$, we also have
$$2^{b_{i}}+\left(b_{i}+m k\right) \equiv 2^{b_{j}}+\left(b_{j}+n k\right) \quad(\bmod d) .$$
Because $d$ is a divisor of $k$ and in view of (1), we obtain $i \equiv j(\bmod d)$. As $i, j \in\{0,1, \ldots, d-1\}$, this just means that $i=j$. Substituting this into (3) yields $m k \equiv n k(\bmod a)$. Therefore $m k' \equiv n k'\left(\bmod a'\right)$; and since $a'$ and $k'$ are coprime, we get $m \equiv n\left(\bmod a'\right)$. Hence also $m=n$.

It follows that the $a$ numbers that make up the $d$ sequences (2) satisfy all the requirements; they are certainly all greater than $N$ because we chose each $b_{i}>\max \left(2^{M}, N\right)$. So the statement holds for $a$, completing the induction.