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Algebra Difficulty 7.8 National olympiad, round 2 Find the answer

Determine all functions f:ZZf: \mathbb{Z}\to\mathbb{Z} satisfying f(f(m)+n)+f(m)=f(n)+f(3m)+2014f\big(f(m)+n\big)+f(m)=f(n)+f(3m)+2014 for all integers mm and nn.

[i]

A number or a short expression. Spacing and $ signs are ignored.

Solution

To determine all functions f:ZZ f: \mathbb{Z} \to \mathbb{Z} satisfying the functional equation:

f(f(m)+n)+f(m)=f(n)+f(3m)+2014 f\big(f(m) + n\big) + f(m) = f(n) + f(3m) + 2014

for all integers m m and n n , we begin by analyzing the given equation:

First, set n=0 n = 0 in the equation:

f(f(m))+f(m)=f(0)+f(3m)+2014 f\big(f(m)\big) + f(m) = f(0) + f(3m) + 2014

This can be rewritten as:

f(f(m))=f(3m)+2014f(m)+f(0) f\big(f(m)\big) = f(3m) + 2014 - f(m) + f(0)

Next, set m=0 m = 0 :

f(f(0)+n)+f(0)=f(n)+f(0)+2014 f\big(f(0) + n\big) + f(0) = f(n) + f(0) + 2014

Simplifying gives:

f(f(0)+n)=f(n)+2014 f\big(f(0) + n\big) = f(n) + 2014

Let c=f(0) c = f(0) . Then we have:

f(c+n)=f(n)+2014 f(c + n) = f(n) + 2014

This equation implies that the function f f is linear. Suppose f(n)=an+b f(n) = an + b for constants a a and b b . We will determine these constants.

Plug f(n)=an+b f(n) = an + b into the function equation for some m m and arbitrary n n :

f(f(m)+n)=a(f(m)+n)+b=a(am+b+n)+b=a2m+ab+an+b f(f(m) + n) = a(f(m) + n) + b = a(am + b + n) + b = a^2m + ab + an + b

Therefore, the left-hand side becomes:

f(f(m)+n)+f(m)=a2m+ab+an+b+am+b=a2m+am+an+2b+ab f(f(m) + n) + f(m) = a^2m + ab + an + b + am + b = a^2m + am + an + 2b + ab

The right-hand side is:

f(n)+f(3m)+2014=an+(3am+b)+2014=an+3am+b+2014 f(n) + f(3m) + 2014 = an + (3am + b) + 2014 = an + 3am + b + 2014

Equating both sides, we get:

a2m+am+an+2b+ab=an+3am+b+2014 a^2m + am + an + 2b + ab = an + 3am + b + 2014

Cancelling terms gives:

a2m+am+2b+ab=3am+b+2014 a^2m + am + 2b + ab = 3am + b + 2014

Simplifying further, we equate coefficients of terms involving m m :

- a2+a=3a a^2 + a = 3a gives a2+a3a=0 a^2 + a - 3a = 0 or a(a2)=0 a(a - 2) = 0

Thus, a=0 a = 0 or a=2 a = 2 .

### Case 1: a=0 a = 0

Then f(n)=b f(n) = b . Substituting into the original equation, we find contradictions as it does not satisfy a2m+am+2b+ab=3am+b+2014 a^2m + am + 2b + ab = 3am + b + 2014 .

### Case 2: a=2 a = 2

Then f(n)=2n+b f(n) = 2n + b . Substituting this back:

- For coefficients of m m , a2+a=4 a^2 + a = 4 , consistent.
- Coefficients of constants: 2b=b+2014 2b = b + 2014 .

Solving 2b=b+2014 2b = b + 2014 , we find b=2014 b = 2014 .

Thus, the function is:

f(m)=2m+2014 f(m) = 2m + 2014

Checking: Substitute f(m)=2m+2014 f(m) = 2m + 2014 into the equation, both sides simplify identically. Hence, f(m)=2m+2014 f(m) = 2m + 2014 satisfies the equation.

The solution is:

2m+1007 \boxed{2m + 1007}

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Source: Omni-MATH, licensed Apache-2.0. Statement and solution reproduced as published; topic and difficulty added by this site.