Maths Olympiad Prep

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, 2023

Combinatorics Difficulty 4.7 AIME Find the answer United States

Problem:

Compute the number of ways to select 99 cells of a 19×1919 \times 19 square grid such that no two selected cells share an edge or vertex.

A number or a short expression. Fractions can be typed as 3/2, and spacing doesn't matter.

Solution

Solution:

We claim the number of ways to select n21n^{2}-1 such cells from a (2n1)×(2n1)(2n-1) \times (2n-1) grid is exactly n3n^{3}, which implies the answer to this question is 10001000.

Partition the board into n2n^{2} regions, as pictured. Also, shade red every cell in an odd row and column red, so there are n2n^{2} red cells. Say a region is blank if it has no selected cell; normal if the selected cell is red; up-wack if the selected cell is above the red cell; and right-wack if the selected cell is to the right of the red cell. Note a 2×22 \times 2 region could be both up-wack and right-wack.

Figure 1

The key idea is that we have at most one blank region, which restricts things significantly. We have two cases:

- Case 1: no wack regions. Then we pick a region to be blank, of which we have n2n^{2} choices.

- Case 2: some wack region. Note that (1) any region directly above an up-wack region must be either blank or up-wack; and (2) any region directly to the right of a right-wack region must be either blank or right-wack. In particular, there is at most one wack region (and we cannot have any up-wack and right-wack regions), since every wack region corresponds to at least one blank region.

Suppose some region is up-wack. There are nn columns that could contain this up-wack region, and (n+12)\binom{n+1}{2} ways to pick an up-wack region and, optionally, a blank region above it. Similarly, there are n(n+12)n\binom{n+1}{2} cases if there is some up-wack region, for a total of 2n(n+12)2n\binom{n+1}{2} choices.

In total, we have n2+2n(n+12)=n3n^{2} + 2n\binom{n+1}{2} = n^{3} possibilities, as desired.

Want a route through all this instead of an archive? The track puts 2,000 problems in a working order, from AMC 10 level to the IMO shortlist.

Source: MathNet, licensed CC-BY-4.0. Statement reproduced verbatim; metadata (topic, difficulty) added by this project.