Maths Olympiad Prep

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Combinatorics Difficulty 6.8 National olympiad Prove it Romania

Let mm be a positive integer. Consider a 4m×4m4m \times 4m array of square unit cells. Two different cells are related to each other if they are in either the same row or in the same column. No cell is related to itself. Some cells are colored blue, such that every cell is related to at least two blue cells. Determine the minimum number of blue cells.

Solutions — 2

Solution 1

The required minimum is 6m6m and is achieved by a diagonal string of m×4m \times 4 blocks of the form below (bullets mark centers of blue cells):
Figure 1

In particular, this configuration shows that the required minimum does not exceed 6m6m.

We now show that any configuration of blue cells satisfying the condition in the statement has cardinality at least 6m6m.
Fix such a configuration and let m1rm_1^r be the number of blue cells in rows containing exactly one such, let m2rm_2^r be the number of blue cells in rows containing exactly two such, and let m3rm_3^r be the number of blue cells in rows containing at least three such; the numbers m1c,m2cm_1^c, m_2^c and m3cm_3^c are defined similarly.
Begin by noticing that m3cm1rm_3^c \ge m_1^r and, similarly, m3rm1cm_3^r \ge m_1^c. Indeed, if a blue cell is alone in its row, respectively column, then there are at least two other blue cells in its column, respectively row, and the claim follows.
Suppose now, if possible, the total number of blue cells is less than 6m6m. We will show that m1r>m3rm_1^r > m_3^r and m1c>m3cm_1^c > m_3^c, and reach a contradiction by the preceding: m1r>m3rm1c>m3cm1rm_1^r > m_3^r \ge m_1^c > m_3^c \ge m_1^r.
We prove the first inequality; the other one is dealt with similarly. To this end, notice that there are no empty rows — otherwise, each column would contain at least two blue cells, whence a total of at least 8m>6m8m > 6m blue cells, which is a contradiction. Next, count rows to get m1r+m2r/2+m3r/34mm_1^r + m_2^r/2 + m_3^r/3 \ge 4m, and count blue cells to get m1r+m2r+m3r<6mm_1^r + m_2^r + m_3^r < 6m. Subtraction of the latter from the former multiplied by 3/23/2 yields m1rm3r>m2r/20m_1^r - m_3^r > m_2^r/2 \ge 0, and the conclusion follows.

Solution 2

To prove that a minimal configuration of blue cells satisfying the condition in the statement has cardinality at least 6m6m, consider a bipartite graph whose vertex parts are the rows and the columns of the array, respectively, a row and a column being joined by an edge if and only if the two cross at a blue cell. Clearly, the number of blue cells is equal to the number of edges of this graph, and the relationship condition in the statement reads: for every row rr and every column cc, degr+degcε(r,c)2\deg r + \deg c - \varepsilon(r, c) \ge 2, where ε(r,c)=2\varepsilon(r, c) = 2 if rr and cc are joined by an edge, and ε(r,c)=0\varepsilon(r, c) = 0 otherwise.
Notice that there are no empty rows/columns, so the graph has no isolated vertices. By the preceding, the cardinality of every connected component of the graph is at least 4, so there are at most 24m/4=2m2 \cdot 4m/4 = 2m such and, consequently, the graph has at least 8m2m=6m8m - 2m = 6m edges. This completes the proof.

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