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Algebra Difficulty 5.6 AIME, harder Prove it China

Let aa, bb be real numbers such that the equation x3ax2+bxa=0x^3 - a x^2 + b x - a = 0 has only real roots. Find the minimum of 2a33ab+3ab+1\frac{2a^3 - 3ab + 3a}{b+1}.

Solution

Let x1x_1, x2x_2 and x3x_3 be the real roots of the equation x3ax2+bxa=0x^3 - a x^2 + b x - a = 0. By Vieta's Formula, we have
x1+x2+x3=ax_1 + x_2 + x_3 = a, x1x2+x2x3+x1x3=bx_1 x_2 + x_2 x_3 + x_1 x_3 = b, x1x2x3=ax_1 x_2 x_3 = a.

By (x1+x2+x3)23(x1x2+x2x3+x1x3)(x_1 + x_2 + x_3)^2 \ge 3(x_1 x_2 + x_2 x_3 + x_1 x_3), we have a23ba^2 \ge 3b, and by a=x1+x2+x33x1x2x33=3a3a = x_1 + x_2 + x_3 \ge 3 \sqrt[3]{x_1 x_2 x_3} = 3 \sqrt[3]{a}, we have a33a \ge 3 \sqrt{3}.

Thus,
2a33ab+3ab+1=a(a23b)+a3+3ab+1a3+3ab+1a3+3aa23+1=3a93. \begin{aligned} \frac{2a^3 - 3ab + 3a}{b+1} &= \frac{a(a^2 - 3b) + a^3 + 3a}{b+1} \\ &\ge \frac{a^3 + 3a}{b+1} \ge \frac{a^3 + 3a}{\frac{a^2}{3} + 1} \\ &= 3a \ge 9\sqrt{3}. \end{aligned}
If a=33a = 3\sqrt{3}, b=9b = 9, then the equality holds when each root is equal to 3\sqrt{3}.

Summing up, the answer is 939\sqrt{3}.

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