Maths Olympiad Prep

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Geometry Difficulty 7.1 National olympiad, round 2 Prove it Austria

We call a convex pentagon in the Euclidean plane "special" if either all of its sides are of equal length or all of its interior angles are equal. We call it "very special" if either all of its sides are of equal length and two of its interior angles equal or if all of its interior angles are equal and two of its sides of equal length. Prove that every very special pentagon must have an axis of symmetry.

Solution

Let the pentagon have the vertices AA, BB, CC, DD and EE in this order. We first assume that all sides are of equal length and two angles equal.

Figure 1
If the two equal angles are adjacent, we can place them at AA and BB without loss of generality. In this case, EABCEABC is an equilateral trapezoid with the common bisector of ABAB and ECEC as axis of symmetry. Since CDE\triangle CDE is isosceles with base CECE, this line is also the axis of symmetry of CDE\triangle CDE and therefore of the entire pentagon ABCDEABCDE, as required.

Figure 2
If the two equal angles are not adjacent, we can place them at CC and EE. Since triangle ADEADE and BDCBDC are congruent (SAS) in this case, segments ADAD and BDBD are of equal length, and triangle ABDABD is isosceles with base ABAB. The bisector of ABAB is therefore an axis of symmetry of ABDABD, and since reflection on this line exchanges ADAD and BDBD, such a reflection also exchanges the congruent isosceles triangles ADEADE and BDCBDC. It follows that the bisector of ABAB is the axis of symmetry for the entire pentagon ABCDEABCDE as required.

We now assume that all angles are equal and two sides are of equal length.

Figure 3
If the two sides are adjacent, we can place them at ABAB and AEAE. The triangle ABEABE is then isosceles with base BEBE, and the bisector of BEBE is the axis of symmetry of ABEABE. Furthermore, it immediately follows that BCDEBCDE is an isosceles trapezoid, since BCD=EDC\angle BCD = \angle EDC and CBE=CBAEBA=DEABEA=DEB\angle CBE = \angle CBA - \angle EBA = \angle DEA - \angle BEA = \angle DEB hold, and this bisector is therefore also the axis of symmetry of this trapezoid, and therefore of the entire pentagon ABCDEABCDE.
Finally, if the two sides are not adjacent, we can place them at BCBC and DEDE. Again, BCDEBCDE is an isosceles trapezoid and therefore ABEABE isosceles, with common axis of symmetry in the bisector of BEBE, and this case is seen as analogous to the previous case.

Summing up, we see that every very special pentagon does indeed have an axis of symmetry, as claimed. \square

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