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Geometry Difficulty 5.8 AIME, harder Prove it Estonia

Let nn be a positive integer divisible by 44. Prove that
sin2(1360n)+sin2(2360n)+sin2(3360n)++sin2(n360n)=n2.\sin^2\left(1 \cdot \frac{360^\circ}{n}\right) + \sin^2\left(2 \cdot \frac{360^\circ}{n}\right) + \sin^2\left(3 \cdot \frac{360^\circ}{n}\right) + \dots + \sin^2\left(n \cdot \frac{360^\circ}{n}\right) = \frac{n}{2}.

Solutions — 2

Solution 1

Let n=4kn = 4k. For each i=1,2,,ni = 1, 2, \dots, n, denote αi=i360n\alpha_i = i \cdot \frac{360^\circ}{n} and xi=sin2αix_i = \sin^2 \alpha_i. We pair the terms as (x1,xk+1),(x2,xk+2),,(xk,x2k)(x_1, x_{k+1}), (x_2, x_{k+2}), \dots, (x_k, x_{2k}) and (x2k+1,x3k+1),(x2k+2,x3k+2),,(x3k,x4k)(x_{2k+1}, x_{3k+1}), (x_{2k+2}, x_{3k+2}), \dots, (x_{3k}, x_{4k}). Since
αi+k=(i+k)360n=i360n+k360n=αi+90, \alpha_{i+k} = (i + k) \cdot \frac{360^\circ}{n} = i \cdot \frac{360^\circ}{n} + k \cdot \frac{360^\circ}{n} = \alpha_i + 90^\circ,
we have
sin2αi+k=sin2(αi+90)=sin2(90(αi))=cos2(αi)=cos2αi. \sin^2 \alpha_{i+k} = \sin^2 (\alpha_i + 90^\circ) = \sin^2 (90^\circ - (-\alpha_i)) = \cos^2 (-\alpha_i) = \cos^2 \alpha_i.
Therefore xi+xi+k=sin2αi+cos2αi=1x_i + x_{i+k} = \sin^2 \alpha_i + \cos^2 \alpha_i = 1. Thus, the sum of the numbers of each pair is 11. Since we have n2\frac{n}{2} pairs, the sum of all numbers is n2\frac{n}{2}.

Solution 2

Let n=4kn = 4k. Note that
sin2(i360n)=1cos(2i360n)2=1212cos(2i360n). \sin^2 \left( i \cdot \frac{360^\circ}{n} \right) = \frac{1 - \cos \left( 2i \cdot \frac{360^\circ}{n} \right)}{2} = \frac{1}{2} - \frac{1}{2} \cos \left( 2i \cdot \frac{360^\circ}{n} \right).
For each i=1,2,,ni = 1, 2, \dots, n, denote αi=i360n\alpha_i = i \cdot \frac{360^\circ}{n} and yi=cos2αiy_i = \cos 2\alpha_i; then the equation to be proven takes the form 12n12(y1+y2++yn)=12n\frac{1}{2}n - \frac{1}{2}(y_1 + y_2 + \dots + y_n) = \frac{1}{2}n, which is equivalent to y1+y2++yn=0y_1 + y_2 + \dots + y_n = 0. We are going to prove this equality in the rest. We pair the terms as (y1,yk+1),(y2,yk+2),,(yk,y2k)(y_1, y_{k+1}), (y_2, y_{k+2}), \dots, (y_k, y_{2k}) and (y2k+1,y3k+1),(y2k+2,y3k+2),,(y3k,y4k)(y_{2k+1}, y_{3k+1}), (y_{2k+2}, y_{3k+2}), \dots, (y_{3k}, y_{4k}) and prove the angle equality αi+k=αi+90\alpha_{i+k} = \alpha_i + 90^\circ as in Solution 1. Next, we see that
cos2(αi+90)=cos(2αi+180)=cos2αi, \cos 2(\alpha_i + 90^\circ) = \cos (2\alpha_i + 180^\circ) = -\cos 2\alpha_i,
from which it follows that yi+yi+k=cos2αicos2αi=0y_i + y_{i+k} = \cos 2\alpha_i - \cos 2\alpha_i = 0. Since the sum of the numbers of each pair is 00, the sum of all numbers is also 00.

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