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Algebra Difficulty 7.2 National olympiad, round 2 Prove it North Macedonia

Let aa, bb, cc be real numbers for which a+b+c=4a + b + c = 4 and a,b,c>1a, b, c > 1. Prove that
1a1+1b1+1c18(1a+b+1b+c+1c+a). \frac{1}{a-1} + \frac{1}{b-1} + \frac{1}{c-1} \ge 8 \left( \frac{1}{a+b} + \frac{1}{b+c} + \frac{1}{c+a} \right).

Нека aa, bb, cc се реални броеви за кои a+b+c=4a + b + c = 4 и a,b,c>1a, b, c > 1. Докажи дека
1a1+1b1+1c18(1a+b+1b+c+1c+a). \frac{1}{a-1} + \frac{1}{b-1} + \frac{1}{c-1} \ge 8 \left( \frac{1}{a+b} + \frac{1}{b+c} + \frac{1}{c+a} \right).

Solution

Since it holds that 1a18b+c=1a184a=129a(a1)(4a)=3(43a)(a1)(4a)\frac{1}{a-1} - \frac{8}{b+c} = \frac{1}{a-1} - \frac{8}{4-a} = \frac{12-9a}{(a-1)(4-a)} = \frac{3(4-3a)}{(a-1)(4-a)} the given inequality is equivalent to
3(43a(a1)(4a)+43b(b1)(4b)+43c(c1)(4c))0. 3 \left( \frac{4-3a}{(a-1)(4-a)} + \frac{4-3b}{(b-1)(4-b)} + \frac{4-3c}{(c-1)(4-c)} \right) \ge 0.
Without loss of generality we can assume that abca \ge b \ge c. Then clearly it holds 43a43b43c4-3a \le 4-3b \le 4-3c. From 1<a,b,c<41 < a, b, c < 4 it follows that 1(a1)(4a)\frac{1}{(a-1)(4-a)}, 1(b1)(4b)\frac{1}{(b-1)(4-b)}, 1(c1)(4c)\frac{1}{(c-1)(4-c)} are positive real numbers. We will prove that (a1)(4a)(b1)(4b)(a-1)(4-a) \ge (b-1)(4-b).
We have (a1)(4a)(b1)(4b)5aa25bb2(ab)(5ab)0(a-1)(4-a) \ge (b-1)(4-b) \Leftrightarrow 5a - a^2 \ge 5b - b^2 \Leftrightarrow (a-b)(5-a-b) \ge 0. Analogously (b1)(4b)(c1)(4c)(b-1)(4-b) \ge (c-1)(4-c). Hence 1(a1)(4a)1(b1)(4b)1(c1)(4c)\frac{1}{(a-1)(4-a)} \le \frac{1}{(b-1)(4-b)} \le \frac{1}{(c-1)(4-c)}. Since 43a43b43c4-3a \le 4-3b \le 4-3c we can use Chebyshev's inequality to obtain:
43a(a1)(4a)+43b(b1)(4b)+43c(c1)(4c)43a+43b+43c3(1(a1)(4a)+1(b1)(4b)+1(c1)(4c))=0. \frac{4-3a}{(a-1)(4-a)} + \frac{4-3b}{(b-1)(4-b)} + \frac{4-3c}{(c-1)(4-c)} \ge \frac{4-3a+4-3b+4-3c}{3} \left( \frac{1}{(a-1)(4-a)} + \frac{1}{(b-1)(4-b)} + \frac{1}{(c-1)(4-c)} \right) = 0.
Equality holds for 43a=43b=43c4-3a = 4-3b = 4-3c i.e. a=b=c=43a = b = c = \frac{4}{3}.

Решение:
Бидејќи важи 1a18b+c=1a184a=129a(a1)(4a)=3(43a)(a1)(4a)\frac{1}{a-1} - \frac{8}{b+c} = \frac{1}{a-1} - \frac{8}{4-a} = \frac{12-9a}{(a-1)(4-a)} = \frac{3(4-3a)}{(a-1)(4-a)} даденото неравенство е еквивалентно со
3(43a(a1)(4a)+43b(b1)(4b)+43c(c1)(4c))0. 3 \left( \frac{4-3a}{(a-1)(4-a)} + \frac{4-3b}{(b-1)(4-b)} + \frac{4-3c}{(c-1)(4-c)} \right) \ge 0.
Без губење на општоста нека претпоставиме дека abca \ge b \ge c. Тогаш јасно е дека важи 43a43b43c4-3a \le 4-3b \le 4-3c. Од 1<a,b,c<41 < a, b, c < 4 следува 1(a1)(4a)\frac{1}{(a-1)(4-a)}, 1(b1)(4b)\frac{1}{(b-1)(4-b)}, 1(c1)(4c)\frac{1}{(c-1)(4-c)} се позитивни реални броеви. Ќе докажеме дека (a1)(4a)(b1)(4b)(a-1)(4-a) \ge (b-1)(4-b).
Имаме (a1)(4a)(b1)(4b)5aa25bb2(ab)(5ab)0(a-1)(4-a) \ge (b-1)(4-b) \Leftrightarrow 5a - a^2 \ge 5b - b^2 \Leftrightarrow (a-b)(5-a-b) \ge 0. Аналогно (b1)(4b)(c1)(4c)(b-1)(4-b) \ge (c-1)(4-c). Оттука следува дека 1(a1)(4a)1(b1)(4b)1(c1)(4c)\frac{1}{(a-1)(4-a)} \le \frac{1}{(b-1)(4-b)} \le \frac{1}{(c-1)(4-c)}. Бидејќи 43a43b43c4-3a \le 4-3b \le 4-3c можеме да го искористиме неравенство на Чебишев и добиваме:
43a(a1)(4a)+43b(b1)(4b)+43c(c1)(4c)43a+43b+43c3(1(a1)(4a)+1(b1)(4b)+1(c1)(4c))=0. \frac{4-3a}{(a-1)(4-a)} + \frac{4-3b}{(b-1)(4-b)} + \frac{4-3c}{(c-1)(4-c)} \ge \frac{4-3a+4-3b+4-3c}{3} \left( \frac{1}{(a-1)(4-a)} + \frac{1}{(b-1)(4-b)} + \frac{1}{(c-1)(4-c)} \right) = 0.
Равенство важи за 43a=43b=43c4-3a = 4-3b = 4-3c т.е. a=b=c=43a = b = c = \frac{4}{3}.

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