Maths Olympiad Prep

Library / /5 of 16

Geometry Difficulty 8.3 Shortlist Prove it IMO

Let ABCABC be a triangle with incenter II and let XX, YY and ZZ be the incenters of the triangles BICBIC, CIACIA and AIBAIB, respectively. Let the triangle XYZXYZ be equilateral. Prove that ABCABC is equilateral too.

Solution

AZAZ, AIAI and AYAY divide BAC\angle BAC into four equal angles; denote them by α\alpha. In the same way we have four equal angles β\beta at BB and four equal angles γ\gamma at CC. Obviously α+β+γ=1804=45\alpha + \beta + \gamma = \frac{180^\circ}{4} = 45^\circ; and 0<α,β,γ<450^\circ < \alpha, \beta, \gamma < 45^\circ.

Figure 1

Easy calculations in various triangles yield BIC=1802β2γ=180(902α)=90+2α\angle BIC = 180^\circ - 2\beta - 2\gamma = 180^\circ - (90^\circ - 2\alpha) = 90^\circ + 2\alpha, hence (for XX is the incenter of triangle BCIBCI, so IXIX bisects BIC\angle BIC) we have XIC=BIX=12BIC=45+α\angle XIC = \angle BIX = \frac{1}{2} \angle BIC = 45^\circ + \alpha and with similar arguments CIY=YIA=45+β\angle CIY = \angle YIA = 45^\circ + \beta and AIZ=ZIB=45+γ\angle AIZ = \angle ZIB = 45^\circ + \gamma.

Furthermore, we have XIY=XIC+CIY=(45+α)+(45+β)=135γ\angle XIY = \angle XIC + \angle CIY = (45^\circ + \alpha) + (45^\circ + \beta) = 135^\circ - \gamma, YIZ=135α\angle YIZ = 135^\circ - \alpha, and ZIX=135β\angle ZIX = 135^\circ - \beta.

Now we calculate the lengths of IXIX, IYIY and IZIZ in terms of α\alpha, β\beta and γ\gamma. The perpendicular from II on CXCX has length IXsinCXI=IXsin(90+β)=IXcosβIX \cdot \sin \angle CXI = IX \cdot \sin (90^\circ + \beta) = IX \cdot \cos \beta. But CICI bisects YCX\angle YCX, so the perpendicular from II on CYCY has the same length, and we conclude
IXcosβ=IYcosα IX \cdot \cos \beta = IY \cdot \cos \alpha
To make calculations easier we choose a length unit that makes IX=cosαIX = \cos \alpha. Then IY=cosβIY = \cos \beta and with similar arguments IZ=cosγIZ = \cos \gamma.

Since XYZXYZ is equilateral we have ZX=ZYZX = ZY. The law of cosines in triangles XYIXYI, YZIYZI yields
ZX2=ZY2IZ2+IX22IZIXcosZIX=IZ2+IY22IZIYcosYIZIX2IY2=2IZ(IXcosZIXIYcosYIZ)cos2αcos2βL.H.S.=2cosγ(cosαcos(135β)cosβcos(135α))R.H.S.. \begin{aligned} & ZX^2 = ZY^2 \\ \Longrightarrow & IZ^2 + IX^2 - 2 \cdot IZ \cdot IX \cdot \cos \angle ZIX = IZ^2 + IY^2 - 2 \cdot IZ \cdot IY \cdot \cos \angle YIZ \\ \Longrightarrow & IX^2 - IY^2 = 2 \cdot IZ \cdot (IX \cdot \cos \angle ZIX - IY \cdot \cos \angle YIZ) \\ \Longrightarrow & \underbrace{\cos^2 \alpha - \cos^2 \beta}_{\text{L.H.S.}} = \underbrace{2 \cdot \cos \gamma \cdot (\cos \alpha \cdot \cos (135^\circ - \beta) - \cos \beta \cdot \cos (135^\circ - \alpha))}_{\text{R.H.S.}}. \end{aligned}
A transformation of the left-hand side (L.H.S.) yields
L.H.S.=cos2α(sin2β+cos2β)cos2β(sin2α+cos2α)=cos2αsin2βcos2βsin2α \begin{aligned} \text{L.H.S.} & = \cos^2 \alpha \cdot (\sin^2 \beta + \cos^2 \beta) - \cos^2 \beta \cdot (\sin^2 \alpha + \cos^2 \alpha) \\ & = \cos^2 \alpha \cdot \sin^2 \beta - \cos^2 \beta \cdot \sin^2 \alpha \end{aligned}
=(cosαsinβ+cosβsinα)(cosαsinβcosβsinα)=sin(β+α)sin(βα)=sin(45γ)sin(βα) \begin{aligned} & = (\cos \alpha \cdot \sin \beta + \cos \beta \cdot \sin \alpha) \cdot (\cos \alpha \cdot \sin \beta - \cos \beta \cdot \sin \alpha) \\ & = \sin (\beta + \alpha) \cdot \sin (\beta - \alpha) = \sin (45^\circ - \gamma) \cdot \sin (\beta - \alpha) \end{aligned}
whereas a transformation of the right-hand side (R.H.S.) leads to
R.H.S.=2cosγ(cosα(cos(45+β))cosβ(cos(45+α)))=222cosγ(cosα(sinβcosβ)+cosβ(cosαsinα))=2cosγ(cosαsinβcosβsinα)=2cosγsin(βα) \begin{aligned} \text{R.H.S.} & = 2 \cdot \cos \gamma \cdot (\cos \alpha \cdot (-\cos (45^\circ + \beta)) - \cos \beta \cdot (-\cos (45^\circ + \alpha))) \\ & = 2 \cdot \frac{\sqrt{2}}{2} \cdot \cos \gamma \cdot (\cos \alpha \cdot (\sin \beta - \cos \beta) + \cos \beta \cdot (\cos \alpha - \sin \alpha)) \\ & = \sqrt{2} \cdot \cos \gamma \cdot (\cos \alpha \cdot \sin \beta - \cos \beta \cdot \sin \alpha) \\ & = \sqrt{2} \cdot \cos \gamma \cdot \sin (\beta - \alpha) \end{aligned}
Equating L.H.S. and R.H.S. we obtain
sin(45γ)sin(βα)=2cosγsin(βα)sin(βα)(2cosγsin(45γ))=0α=β or 2cosγ=sin(45γ). \begin{aligned} & \sin (45^\circ - \gamma) \cdot \sin (\beta - \alpha) = \sqrt{2} \cdot \cos \gamma \cdot \sin (\beta - \alpha) \\ \Longrightarrow & \sin (\beta - \alpha) \cdot (\sqrt{2} \cdot \cos \gamma - \sin (45^\circ - \gamma)) = 0 \\ \Longrightarrow & \alpha = \beta \text{ or } \sqrt{2} \cdot \cos \gamma = \sin (45^\circ - \gamma). \end{aligned}
But γ<45\gamma < 45^\circ; so 2cosγ>cosγ>cos45=sin45>sin(45γ)\sqrt{2} \cdot \cos \gamma > \cos \gamma > \cos 45^\circ = \sin 45^\circ > \sin (45^\circ - \gamma). This leaves α=β\alpha = \beta.

With similar reasoning we have α=γ\alpha = \gamma, which means triangle ABCABC must be equilateral.

Want a route through all this instead of an archive? The track puts 2,000 problems in a working order, from AMC 10 level to the IMO shortlist.

Source: MathNet, licensed CC-BY-4.0. Statement and solution reproduced as published; topic and difficulty added by this site.