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Combinatorics Difficulty 6.3 National Olympiad Prove it Bulgaria

Problem:
A card game is played by five persons. In a group of 25 persons all like to play that game. Find the maximum possible number of games which can be played if no two players are allowed to play simultaneously more than once.

Solution

Solution:
The number of all pairs of players is 25242=300\frac{25 \cdot 24}{2} = 300 and after each game 10 of them become impossible. Therefore at most 300÷10=30300 \div 10 = 30 games are possible.

We shall prove that 30 games are possible. We denote the pairs of players by (m,n)(m, n), where 1m,n51 \leq m, n \leq 5 are integers (in other words, we put them in a table 5×55 \times 5).

In the game ii, 1i51 \leq i \leq 5, we put the five pairs with m=im = i (i.e. those from the ii-th row of the table). In the game 6+5k+i6 + 5k + i, 0i40 \leq i \leq 4, 0k40 \leq k \leq 4, we set the pair (m,n)(m, n) such that mk+nmk + n is congruent to ii modulo 5. It is clear that for any fixed values of k,i,mk, i, m there exists a unique nn such that mk+ni(mod5)mk + n \equiv i \pmod{5}. Thus we have one pair in each row, i.e. the pairs are five and they have not played in the first 5 games.

For every two pairs (m,n)(m, n) and (m,n)(m', n'), mmm' \neq m, the numbers k(mm)k(m - m'), k=0,1,2,3,4k = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, give different remainders modulo 5. Hence there exists a unique kk such that k(mm)nn(mod5)k(m - m') \equiv n - n' \pmod{5}. Equivalently, kmnkm - n and kmnkm' - n' have the same remainder ii modulo 5 and the numbers kk and ii determine the unique game in which the pairs (m,n)(m, n) and (m,n)(m', n') participate.

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