Maths Olympiad Prep

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Combinatorics Difficulty 8.2 Shortlist Prove it Baltic Way

In Greifswald, there are three schools called AA, BB, and CC, each of which is attended by at least one student. Among any three students aa from AA, bb from BB, and cc from CC there are two knowing each other and two others not knowing each other. Prove that either some student from AA knows all students from BB, or some student from BB knows all students from CC, or some student from CC knows all students from AA.

Solution

Assume the contrary and let aa be a student from AA knowing as many students from BB as possible. As aa does not know all students from BB, there is a student bb from BB not known to aa. Similarly, we may pick a student cc from CC not known to bb and then a student aa' from AA not known to cc. Applying the assumption to the sets of students {a,b,c}\{a, b, c\} and {a,b,c}\{a', b, c\}, we learn that aa and cc know each other, and so do aa' and bb. As bb knows aa' but not aa, we have aaa \neq a'. Moreover, the maximality condition imposed on aa tells us that some student bb' from BB is known to aa but not to aa'. Now if bb' and cc knew each other, then any two students from {a,b,c}\{a, b', c\} would know one another, which is not possible. Thus bb' and cc do not know each other, but this means that no two students from {a,b,c}\{a', b', c\} know one another, which is likewise impossible. Thereby the problem is solved.

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Source: MathNet, licensed CC-BY-4.0. Statement reproduced verbatim; metadata (topic, difficulty) added by this project.